OTHER INVESTMENT POLICIES

The following policies supplement each Fund’ investment objective and policies as described in the Prospectus for the Funds.

GENERAL INVESTMENT RISKS. All investments in securities and other financial instruments involve a risk of financial loss. No assurance can be given that each Fund’s investment program will be successful. Investors should carefully review the descriptions of each Fund’s investments and its risks in this SAI and the Prospectus.

BORROWING. Each Fund may, subject to the restrictions of the 1940 Act, borrow money from banks for investment purposes or as a temporary measure. For example, a Fund may borrow money to meet redemption requests or for extraordinary or emergency purposes. In the event a Fund should ever borrow money under these conditions, such borrowing could increase a Fund’s costs and thus reduce the value of the Fund’s assets. The 1940 Act presently allows a Fund to borrow from any bank (including pledging, mortgaging or hypothecating assets) provided that, immediately after any such borrowing, there is an asset coverage of at least 300% for all such borrowings, and provided further that, in the event that a Fund’s asset coverage at any time falls below 300%, the Fund reduces its existing borrowings (within three days, excluding Sundays and holidays) to the extent necessary to comply with the foregoing limitation.

Collateralized Debt Obligations. A Fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), which include collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), CLOs and other similarly structured securities. CDOs are types of asset-backed securities. A CBO is ordinarily issued by a trust or other special purpose entity (“SPE”) and is typically backed by a diversified pool of fixed-income securities (which may include high risk, below investment grade securities) held by such issuer. A CLO is ordinarily issued by a trust or other SPE and is typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and non-U.S. senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans, held by such issuer. Investments in a CLO organized outside of the United States may not be deemed to be foreign securities if the CLO is collateralized by a pool of loans, a substantial portion of which are U.S. loans. Although certain CDOs may benefit from credit enhancement in the form of a senior-subordinate structure, over-collateralization or bond insurance, such enhancement may not always be present, and may fail to protect a Fund against the risk of loss on default of the collateral. Certain CDO issuers may use derivatives contracts to create “synthetic” exposure to assets rather than holding such assets directly, which entails the risks of derivative instruments described elsewhere in this SAI. CDOs may charge management fees and administrative expenses, which are in addition to those of a Fund.

For CBOs, the cash flows from the SPE are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the “equity” tranche, which bears the first loss from defaults from the bonds or loans in the SPE and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default (though such protection is not complete). Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CBO typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and may be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CBO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, downgrades of the underlying collateral by rating agencies, forced liquidation of the collateral pool due to a failure of coverage tests, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults as well as investor aversion to CBO securities as a class. Interest on certain tranches of a CDO may be paid in kind or deferred and capitalized (paid in the form of obligations of the same type rather than cash), which involves continued exposure to default risk with respect to such payments.

The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CDO in which a Fund invests. Normally, CBOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus are not registered under the securities laws. However, an active dealer market may exist for CDOs, allowing a CDO to qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal risks associated with fixed-income securities and asset-backed securities generally discussed elsewhere in this SAI, CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the risk that the collateral may default or decline in value or be downgraded, if rated by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”); (iii) a Fund may invest in tranches of CDOs that are subordinate to other tranches; (iv) the structure and complexity of the transaction and the legal documents could lead to disputes among investors regarding the characterization of proceeds; (v) the investment return achieved by a Fund could be significantly different than those predicted by financial models; (vi) the lack of a readily available secondary market for CDOs; (vii) the risk of forced “fire sale” liquidation due to technical defaults such as coverage test failures; and (viii) the CDO’s manager may perform poorly.

CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES. A Fund may invest directly or indirectly in securities convertible into common stock if, for example, its sub-adviser believes that a company’s convertible securities are undervalued in the market. Convertible securities eligible for purchase by a Fund include convertible bonds, convertible preferred stocks and warrants. Convertible securities are subject to risks associated with the performance of the company underlying the securities, as well as the underlying instruments. The value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates rise and, because of the conversion feature, tends to vary with fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities.

COMMODITIES-RELATED INVESTING. Commodity-related companies may underperform the stock market as a whole. The value of securities issued by commodity-related companies may be affected by factors affecting a particular industry or commodity. The operations and financial performance of commodity- related companies may be directly affected by commodity prices, especially those commodity-related companies that own the underlying commodity. The stock prices of such companies may also experience greater price volatility than other types of common stocks. Securities issued by commodity-related companies are sensitive to changes in the supply and demand for, and thus the prices of, commodities. Volatility of commodity prices, which may lead to a reduction in production or supply, may also negatively impact the performance of commodity and natural resources companies that are solely involved in the transportation, processing, storing, distribution or marketing of commodities. Volatility of commodity prices may also make it more difficult for commodity-related companies to raise capital to the extent the market perceives that their performance may be directly or indirectly tied to commodity prices. Certain types of commodities instruments (such as commodity-linked notes) are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the instrument will not perform or will be unable to perform in accordance with the terms of the instrument. Exposure to commodities and commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. No active trading market may exist for certain commodities investments, which may impair the ability of a Fund to sell or to realize the full value of such investments in the event of the need to liquidate such investments. In addition, adverse market conditions may impair the liquidity of actively traded commodities investments. Commodities may include, among other things, oil, gas, coal, alternative energy, steel, timber, agricultural products, minerals, precious metals (e.g., gold, silver, platinum, and palladium) and other resources. In addition, a Fund may invest in companies principally engaged in the commodities industries (such as mining, dealing or transportation companies) with significant exposure to commodities markets or investments in commodities, and through these investments may be exposed to the risks of investing in commodities. In order to qualify for the special U.S. federal income tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders described in “Taxation” below, a Fund must, among other things, derive at least 90% of its income from certain specified sources (such income, “qualifying income”). Income from certain commodity-linked investments does not constitute qualifying income to the Fund. The tax treatment of certain other commodity-linked investments is not certain, in particular with respect to whether income and gains from such investments constitute qualifying income. If such income were determined not to constitute qualifying income and were to cause the a Fund’s non-qualifying income to exceed 10% of the Fund’s gross income for any year, the Fund would fail the 90% gross income test and fail to qualify as a regulated investment company unless it were eligible to and did pay a tax at the Fund level. Each Fund’s intention to so qualify can therefore limit the manner in or extent to which the Fund seeks exposure to commodities.

In order to qualify for the special U.S. federal income tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders described in “Taxation” below, a Fund must, among other things, derive at least 90% of its income from certain specified sources (such income, “qualifying income”). Income from certain commodity-linked investments does not constitute qualifying income to the Fund. The tax treatment of certain other commodity-linked investments is not certain, in particular with respect to whether income and gains from such investments constitute qualifying income. If such income were determined not to constitute qualifying income and were to cause a Fund’s non-qualifying income to exceed 10% of the Fund’s gross income for any year, the Fund would fail the 90% gross income test and fail to qualify as a regulated investment company unless it were eligible to and did pay a tax at the Fund level. The Fund’s intention to so qualify can therefore limit the manner in or extent to which the Fund seeks exposure to commodities.

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS. A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is dependent upon the value of other assets, rates or indices. A Fund will comply with and adhere to all limitations on the manner and extent to which it effects transactions in derivative instruments (including futures and options on such futures) imposed by the provisions of the 1940 Act and rules thereunder. Additionally, Virtus Investment Advisers, LLC has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” pursuant to Rule 4.5 under the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”), with respect to each Fund. Therefore, with respect to each Fund, its Adviser is not subject to regulation or registration as a commodity pool operator under the CEA.

Legal and regulatory changes may substantially affect over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets, and such changes may impact a Fund’s use of such instruments. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in July 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), provides for the regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, certain derivatives are subject to margin requirements and swap dealers are required to collect margin from a Fund with respect to such derivatives. Specifically, these regulations require swap dealers to post and collect variation margin (comprised of specified liquid instruments and subject to a required haircut) in connection with trading of OTC swaps with a Fund. Shares of investment companies (other than certain money market funds) may not be posted as collateral under these regulations. Requirements for posting of initial margin in connection with OTC swaps have been adopted.

Options. An option is a contract that gives the purchaser the option, in return for the premium paid, the right, but not the obligation, to buy from or sell to the writer of the option at the exercise price during the term of the option or on a specific date, the security, currency, or other instrument underlying the option. A Fund may write call and put options on securities, ETFs or security indexes to seek income or may purchase or write put or call options for hedging purposes. Options may either be listed on an exchange or traded in over-the-counter markets.

Although not required to do so, a Fund will typically write a call option only if the option is “covered” by the Fund holding a position in the underlying securities or by other means which would permit immediate satisfaction of the Fund’s obligation as writer of the option. The purchase and writing of options involves certain risks. During the option period, a covered call writer has, in return for the premium on the option, given up the opportunity to profit from a price increase in the underlying asset above the exercise price, but, as long as its obligation as a writer continues, has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying asset decline. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option writer has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver (if not cash settled) the underlying asset at the exercise price. If a put or call option purchased by a Fund is not sold when it has remaining value, and if the market price of the underlying asset, in the case of a put, remains equal to or greater than the exercise price or, in the case of a call, remains less than or equal to the exercise price, the Fund will lose its entire investment in the option. There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when a Fund seeks to close out an option position. Furthermore, if trading restrictions or suspensions are imposed on the options market, a Fund may be unable to close out a position.

Futures Contracts. A futures contract is a bilateral agreement to buy or sell a security (or deliver a cash settlement price, in the case of a contract relating to an index or otherwise not calling for physical delivery at the end of trading in the contracts) for a set price in the future. Futures contracts are designated by boards of trade that have been designated “contracts markets” by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”). No purchase price is paid or received when the contract is entered into. Instead, a Fund, upon entering into a futures contract (and to maintain the Funds’ open positions in futures contracts), would be required to deposit with its custodian in a segregated account in the name of the futures commission merchant (“FCM”) an amount of cash, U.S. government securities, suitable money market instruments or liquid, high-grade fixed income securities, known as “initial margin.” The margin required for a particular futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded, and may be significantly modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Futures contracts are customarily purchased and sold on margin that may range upward from less than 5% of the value of the contract being traded. By using futures contracts as a risk management technique, given the greater liquidity in the futures market than in the cash market, it may be possible to accomplish certain results more quickly and with lower transaction costs.

If the price of an open futures contract changes (by increase in the case of a sale or by decrease in the case of a purchase) so that the loss on the futures contract reaches a point at which the margin on deposit does not satisfy margin requirements, the FCM will require an increase in the margin. However, if the value of a position increases because of favorable price changes in the futures contract so that the margin deposit exceeds the required margin, the FCM will pay the excess to a Fund. These subsequent payments, called “variation margin,” to and from the FCM, are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying assets fluctuate, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as “marking to market.” When the futures contract is closed out, if a Fund has a loss equal to or greater than the margin amount, then the margin amount is paid to the FCM along with any loss in excess of the margin amount. If a Fund has a loss of less than the margin amount, the excess margin is returned to the Fund. If a Fund has a gain, then the full margin amount and the amount of the gain are paid to a Fund and the FCM pays the Fund any excess gain over the margin amount.

There is a risk of loss by a Fund of the initial and variation margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of the FCM with which the Fund has an open position in a futures contract. The assets of a Fund may not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy of the FCM or central counterparty because the Fund might be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds and margin segregated on behalf of an FCM’s customers. If the FCM does not provide accurate reporting, a Fund is also subject to the risk that the FCM could use the Fund’s assets, which are held in an omnibus account with assets belonging to the FCM’s other customers, to satisfy its own financial obligations or the payment obligations of another customer to the central counterparty.

A Fund will incur brokerage fees when it purchases and sell futures contracts, and margin deposits must be maintained at all times when a futures contract is outstanding. Positions taken in the futures markets are not normally held until delivery or cash settlement is required, but are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions which may result in a gain or a loss. There can be no assurance, however, that a Fund will be able to enter into an offsetting transaction with respect to a particular futures contract at a particular time. If a Fund is not able to enter into an offsetting transaction, it will continue to be required to maintain the margin deposits on the futures contract. While futures positions taken by a Fund will usually be liquidated in this manner, the Fund may instead make or take delivery of underlying assets whenever it appears economically advantageous for the Fund to do so. A clearing organization associated with the exchange on which futures are traded assumes responsibility for closing out transactions and guarantees that, as between the clearing members of an exchange, the sale and purchase obligations will be performed with regard to all positions that remain open at the termination of the contract. If a Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. A Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. In addition, except in the case of purchased options, the Fund would continue to be required to make daily variation margin payments.

Securities Index Futures Contracts. Purchases or sales of securities index futures contracts may be used in an attempt to protect a Fund’s current or intended investments from broad fluctuations in securities prices. A securities index futures contract does not require the physical delivery of securities, but merely provides for profits and losses resulting from changes in the market value of the contract to be credited or debited at the close of each trading day to the respective accounts of the parties to the contract. On the contract’s expiration date, a final cash settlement occurs, and the futures positions are simply closed out. Changes in the market value of a particular index futures contract reflect changes in the specified index of securities on which the future is based.

By establishing an appropriate “short” position in an index future, a Fund may also seek to protect the value of its portfolio against an overall decline in the market for the securities on which the future is based. Alternatively, in anticipation of a generally rising market, a Fund can seek to avoid losing the benefit of apparently low current prices by establishing a “long” position in securities index futures and later liquidating that position as particular securities are in fact acquired. To the extent that these hedging strategies are successful, a Fund will be affected to a lesser degree by adverse overall market price movements than would otherwise be the case.

Limitations on Purchase and Sale of Futures Contracts. Futures can be volatile instruments and involve certain risks. If the sub-adviser applies a hedge in a Fund’s portfolio at an inappropriate time or judges market movements incorrectly, futures strategies may lower the Fund’s return. A Fund could also experience losses if the prices of its futures positions were poorly correlated with its other investments, or if it could not close out its positions because of an illiquid market.

In general, a Fund will not purchase or sell futures contracts unless (A) the sum of the amounts of initial margin deposits and premiums required to establish such positions on the Fund’s existing futures would not exceed 5% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio or (B) the aggregate net notional value of commodity futures, commodity options contracts, or swaps positions determined at the time the most recent position was established does not exceed 100% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions it has entered into.

Additional Information Regarding Leverage. Certain derivatives involve leverage; that is, the amount invested may be less than the full economic exposure of the derivative instrument, and a Fund could lose more than the amount invested. The leverage involved in certain derivative transactions may result in a Fund’s NAV being more sensitive to changes in the value of the related investment.

EQUITY SECURITIES.

Direct and Indirect Common Stock. A Fund may invest in equity securities, both directly and indirectly through investments in shares of ETFs and other investment companies, American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and other types of securities and instruments described in this SAI and in the Prospectus. The equity portion of a Fund’s portfolio may include common stocks traded on domestic or foreign securities exchanges or on the over-the-counter market. In addition to common stocks, the equity portion of a Fund’s portfolio may also include preferred stocks, convertible preferred stocks, convertible bonds and other equity securities. Prices of equity securities in which a Fund may invest may fluctuate in response to many factors, including, but not limited to, the activities of the individual companies whose securities the Fund owns, general market and economic conditions, interest rates and specific industry changes. Such price fluctuations subject a Fund to potential losses. In addition, regardless of any one company’s particular prospects, a declining stock market may produce a decline in prices for all equity securities, which could also result in losses for the Fund. Market declines may continue for an indefinite period of time, and investors should understand that during temporary or extended bear markets, the value of equity securities will decline.

Exchange-Traded Products (“ETPs”). A Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) and other ETPs. The shares of an ETF may be assembled in a block (e.g., 50,000 shares) known as a creation unit and redeemed in kind for a portfolio of the underlying securities (based on the ETF’s NAV) together with a cash payment generally equal to accumulated dividends as of the date of redemption. Conversely, a creation unit may be purchased from the ETF by depositing a specified portfolio of the ETF’s underlying securities, as well as a cash payment generally equal to accumulated dividends of the securities (net of expenses) up to the time of deposit. A Fund’s ability to redeem creation units may be limited by the 1940 Act, which provides that the ETFs will not be obligated to redeem shares held by the Fund in an amount exceeding one percent of their total outstanding securities during any period of less than 30 days. ETPs other than ETFs are issued in shares or units, and trade on exchanges like ETFs.

There is a risk that the underlying ETPs in which a Fund invests may terminate due to extraordinary events that may cause any of the service providers to the ETPs, such as the trustees or sponsors, to close or otherwise fail to perform their obligations to the ETPs. Also, because the ETPs in which a Fund invests may be granted licenses by agreement to use various indices as a basis for determining their compositions and/or otherwise to use certain trade names, the ETPs may terminate if such license agreements are terminated. In addition, an ETP may terminate if its net assets fall below a certain amount. Although a Fund believes that, in the event of the termination of an underlying ETP, it will be able to invest instead in shares of an alternate ETP with a similar strategy, there is no guarantee that shares of an alternate ETP would be available for investment at that time.

Investments in ETPs involve certain inherent risks generally associated with investments in conventional registered investment companies (e.g., mutual funds) that hold a portfolio of securities including, without limitation: (1) risks that the general level of security prices for the ETP’s investment strategy may decline, thereby adversely affecting the value of each share or unit of the ETP; (2) an index-based ETP may not fully replicate the performance of its benchmark index because of the temporary unavailability of certain index securities in the secondary market or discrepancies between the ETP and the index with respect to the weighting of securities or number of stocks held; and (3) an index-based ETP may also be adversely affected by the performance of the specific index, market sector or group of industries on which it is based.

In addition, ETPs are subject to the following risks that do not apply to conventional funds: (1) the market price of an ETP’s shares may trade at a discount to its NAV; (2) an active trading market for an ETP’s shares may not develop or be maintained; (3) trading of an ETP’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange deems such action appropriate; and (4) ETP shares may be delisted from the exchange on which they trade, or activation of “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) may halt trading temporarily. ETPs are also subject to the risks of the underlying securities or sectors in which the ETP is designed to track or invest.

Investments in Companies with Business Related to Commodities. A Fund may from time to time invest in securities of companies whose business is related to commodities, or in registered investment companies or other companies that invest directly or indirectly in commodities. For example, a Fund may invest in companies whose business is related to mining of precious or other metals (e.g., gold, silver, etc.) or registered investment companies or publicly or privately traded companies that invest in securities of mining companies and related instruments (including, without limitation, the underlying commodities). Investments in equity securities of companies involved in mining or related precious metals industries, and the value of the investment companies and other companies that invest in precious metals and other commodities are subject to a number of risks. For example, the prices of precious metals or other commodities can make sharp movement, up or down, in response to cyclical economic conditions, political events or the monetary policies of various countries, any of which may adversely affect the value of companies whose business is related to such commodities, or the value of investment companies and other companies investing in such business or commodities. Furthermore, such companies are subject to risks related to fluctuations of prices and perceptions of value in commodities markets generally.

Money Market Funds. In order to maintain sufficient liquidity, for cash management purposes, or to implement investment strategies, a Fund may invest a portion of its assets in shares of one or more money market funds. Generally, money market funds are registered investment companies that seek to earn income consistent with the preservation of capital and maintenance of liquidity by investing primarily in high quality money market instruments, including, without limitation, U.S. government obligations, bank obligations and high-grade corporate instruments. An investment in a money market fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Company or any other governmental agency, entity or person. While investor losses in money market funds have been rare, they are possible. In addition, a Fund will incur additional indirect expenses to the extent it invests in shares of money market funds due to acquired fund fees and other costs.

Other Investment Companies. Under the 1940 Act, a Fund may not acquire shares of another investment company (ETFs or other investment companies) if, immediately after such acquisition, the Fund and its affiliated persons would hold more than 3% of the ETF’s or investment company’s total outstanding stock (“3% Limitation”). Accordingly, each Fund is subject to the 3% Limitation unless (i) permitted by SEC rule to exceed the 3% Limitation; and (ii) the ETF and the Fund take appropriate steps to comply with any conditions in such SEC rule.

To the extent the 3% Limitation applies to certain ETFs, that limitation may prevent a Fund from allocating its investments in the manner that a sub-adviser considers optimal, or cause a sub-adviser to select a similar basket of securities (pre-selected groups of securities related by index or sector made available through certain brokers at a discount brokerage rate) or a similar index-based mutual fund or other investment company as an alternative. A Fund’s investments in other investment companies will be subject to the same 3% Limitation described above.

Preferred Stock. Preferred stocks are securities that represent an ownership interest providing the holder with claims on the issuer’s earnings and assets before common stock owners but after bond owners. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including, without limitation, dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be accelerated by the holders of such preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default or other non-compliance by the issuer of the preferred stock. Preferred stocks may include the obligation to pay a stated dividend. The price of preferred stocks could depend more on the size of the dividend than on the company’s performance. If a company fails to pay the dividend, its preferred stock is likely to drop in price. Changes in interest rates can also affect the price of preferred stock.

Real Estate Securities. A Fund will not invest directly in real estate, but may invest in readily marketable securities issued by companies that invest in real estate or interests therein. A Fund may also invest in readily marketable interests issued in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). REITs are generally publicly traded on national stock exchanges and in the over-the-counter market and have varying degrees of liquidity. Investments in real estate securities are subject to risks inherent in the real estate market, including, without limitation, risks related to changes in interest rates, possible declines in the value of and demand for real estate, adverse general and local economic conditions, possible lack of availability of mortgage funds, overbuilding in a given market and environmental problems.

A Fund may invest in global real estate companies outside the U.S. These companies include, but are not limited to, companies with similar characteristics to a REIT structure, in which revenue consists primarily of rent derived from owned, income producing real estate properties, dividend distributions as a percentage of taxable net income are high (generally greater than 80%), debt levels are generally conservative and income derived from development activities is generally limited.

Mortgage REITs. Mortgage REITs lend money to developers and owners of properties and invest primarily in mortgages and similar real estate interests. Mortgage REITs receive interest payments from the owners of the mortgaged properties. Accordingly, mortgage REITs are subject to the credit risk of the borrowers to whom they extend funds. Credit risk is the risk that the borrower will not be able to make interest and principal payments on the loan to the REIT when they are due. Mortgage REITs also are subject to the risk that the value of mortgaged properties may be less than the amounts owed on the properties. If a mortgage REIT is required to foreclose on a borrower, the amount recovered in connection with the foreclosure may be less than the amount owed to the mortgage REIT.

Mortgage REITs are subject to significant interest rate risk. During periods when interest rates are declining, mortgages are often refinanced or prepaid. Refinancing or prepayment of mortgages may reduce the yield of mortgage REITs. When interest rates decline, however, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. In addition, rising interest rates generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a mortgage REIT’s investments to decline. A REIT’s investment in adjustable rate obligations may react differently to interest rate changes than an investment in fixed rate obligations. As interest rates on adjustable rate mortgage loans are reset periodically, yields on a REIT’s investment in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates, causing the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed rate obligations.

Mortgage REITs typically use leverage (and in many cases, may be highly leveraged), which increases investment risk and could adversely affect a REIT’s operations and market value in periods of rising interest rates, increased interest rate volatility, downturns in the economy and reductions in the availability of financing or deterioration in the conditions of the REIT’s mortgage-related assets.

Equity REITs. Certain REITs may make direct investments in real estate. These REITs are often referred to as “Equity REITs.” Equity REITs invest primarily in real properties and earn rental income from leasing those properties. Equity REITs may also realize gains or losses from the sale of properties. Equity REITs will be affected by conditions in the real estate rental market and by changes in the value of the properties they own. A decline in rental income may occur because of extended vacancies, limitations on rents, the failure to collect rents, increased competition from other properties or poor management. Equity REITs also can be affected by rising interest rates. Rising interest rates may cause investors to demand a high annual yield from future distributions that, in turn, could decrease the market prices for such REITs. In addition, rising interest rates also increase the costs of obtaining financing for real estate projects. Because many real estate projects are dependent upon receiving financing, this could cause the value of the Equity REITs in which a Fund invests to decline.

Warrants and Rights. Warrants are essentially options to purchase equity securities at specific prices and are valid for a specific period of time. Rights are similar to warrants but generally have a short duration and are distributed directly by the issuer to its shareholders. The holders of warrants and rights have no voting rights, and receive no dividends, with respect to the equity interests underlying warrants or rights, and will have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer, until the warrant or right is exercised. Investments in warrants and rights involve certain risks, including, without limitation, the possible lack of a liquid market for resale, potential price fluctuations as a result of speculation or other factors, and failure of the price of the underlying security to reach or have reasonable prospects of reaching a level at which the warrant or right can be prudently exercised (in which event the warrant or right may expire without being exercised, resulting in a loss of a Fund’s entire investment therein).

FOREIGN SECURITIES. Each Fund may invest directly or indirectly in foreign equity securities traded on U.S. exchanges, in over-the-counter markets or in the form of depositary receipts as described below. Each Fund may also invest in foreign currency and foreign currency-denominated securities. Investing in securities issued by companies whose principal business activities are outside the United States may involve significant risks not present in domestic investments. The value of securities denominated in or indexed to foreign currencies, and of dividends and interest from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets and prices on some foreign markets can be highly volatile. Many foreign countries lack uniform accounting and disclosure standards, including recordkeeping standards, comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, and it may be more difficult to obtain reliable information regarding an issuer’s financial condition and operations. Some foreign countries impose conditions and restrictions on foreigners’ ownership of interests in local issuers, including restricting ownership to certain classes of investment in an issuer, which may reduce potential investment returns and impair disposition of those investments. Additional costs associated with an investment in foreign securities may include higher custodial fees than those applicable to domestic custodial arrangements and transaction costs of foreign currency conversions.

Foreign markets may offer less protection to investors than U.S. markets. Foreign issuers, brokers and securities markets may be subject to less government supervision. Foreign securities trading practices, including those involving the release of assets in advance of payment, may involve increased risks in the event of a failed trade or the insolvency of a broker-dealer, and may involve substantial delays. It may also be difficult to enforce legal rights in foreign countries because of inconsistent legal interpretations or less defined legal and regulatory provisions or because of corruption or influence on local courts.

Investing abroad also involves different political and economic risks. Foreign investments may be affected by actions of foreign governments adverse to the interests of U.S. investors, including the possibility of expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation, restrictions on U.S. investment or on the ability to repatriate assets or convert currency into U.S. dollars or other governmental intervention. There may be a greater possibility of default by foreign governments or foreign government-sponsored enterprises and securities issued or guaranteed by foreign governments, their agencies, instrumentalities or political subdivisions, may or may not be supported by the full faith and credit and taxing power of the foreign government. Investments in foreign countries also involve a risk of local political, economic or social instability, military action or unrest or adverse diplomatic developments. From time to time, certain companies in which a Fund invests may operate (a) in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions, embargoes or other government actions imposed by the U.S. Government or the United Nations and/or (b) in countries the U.S. Government has identified as state sponsors of terrorism. One or more of these companies may be subject to constraints under U.S. law or regulations that could negatively affect the company’s performance or a Fund’s ability to invest or hold securities of such companies. Additionally, one or more of these companies could suffer damage to its reputation if the market identifies it as a company that invests or deals with countries that the U.S. Government identifies as state sponsors of terrorism or subjects to sanction, which could also negatively affect the company’s performance. There is no assurance that the sub-adviser will be able to anticipate these potential events or counter their effects.

China Investment Risk. The Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in securities of issuers located or operating in China. Investing in China involves certain heightened risks and considerations, including, among others: frequent trading suspensions and government interventions (including by nationalizing assets); currency exchange rate fluctuations or blockages; limits on using brokers and on foreign ownership; different financial reporting standards; higher dependence on exports and international trade; political and social instability; infectious disease outbreaks; regional and global conflicts; increased trade tariffs, embargoes, and other trade limitations; custody and other risks associated with programs used to access Chinese securities; and uncertainties in tax rules that could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund. Significant portions of the Chinese securities markets may become rapidly illiquid, as Chinese issuers have the ability to suspend the trading of their equity securities. Moreover, actions by the U.S. government, such as delisting of certain Chinese companies from U.S. securities exchanges or otherwise restricting their operations in the U.S., may negatively impact the value of such securities held by the Fund.

Hong Kong Investment Risk. If China were to exert its authority so as to alter the economic, political or legal structures or the existing social policy of Hong Kong, investor and business confidence in Hong Kong could be negatively affected, which in turn could negatively affect markets and business performance and have an adverse effect on the Fund’s investments.

Depositary Receipts. American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) provide a method whereby a Fund may invest in securities issued by companies whose principal business activities are outside the United States. ADRs are receipts typically issued by a U.S. bank or trust company evidencing ownership of the underlying securities, and may be issued as sponsored or unsponsored programs. In sponsored programs, an issuer has made arrangements to have its securities trade in the form of ADRs. In unsponsored programs, the issuer may not be directly involved in the creation of the program. Although regulatory requirements with respect to sponsored and unsponsored programs are generally similar, in some cases it may be easier to obtain financial information from an issuer that participates in a sponsored program. Generally, ADRs are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets, and are denominated in U.S. dollars, while the underlying securities of the ADRs in a Fund’s portfolio are usually denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates affect the value of the ADR and, therefore, the value of a Fund’s portfolio, either positively or negatively (i.e., foreign currency risk). In addition to foreign currency risk, ADRs present certain risks not ordinarily associated with investments in securities of U.S. issuers. These risks include political, economic or legal developments in the company’s home country (including war or other instability, expropriation of assets, nationalization and confiscatory taxation), withholding taxes on dividend or interest payments or capital transactions or other restrictions. In addition, although the ADRs in which a Fund invests are listed on major U.S. exchanges, there can be no assurance that a market for these securities will be made or maintained or that any such market will be or remain liquid. If that happens, a Fund may have difficulty selling securities, or selling them quickly and efficiently at the prices at which they have been valued.

A Fund may also invest in Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”). GDRs are receipts for shares in a foreign-based corporation traded in capital markets around the world. While ADRs permit foreign corporations to offer shares to American citizens, GDRs allow companies in Europe, Asia, the United States and Latin American to offer shares in many markets around the world. EDRs are similar to ADRs and GDRs, except they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies, denominated in foreign currencies and designed for use outside the U.S. securities markets.

Emerging Market Securities. An “emerging market” is any country that the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation or the United Nations or its authorities has determined to have a low or middle income economy. Investing in emerging markets involves greater risks and uncertainties than in more established markets, such as exposure to potentially unstable governments, the risk of nationalization of business, restrictions on foreign ownership, prohibitions on repatriation of assets and a system of laws that may offer less protection of property rights. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries (and participants in those markets) are typically subject to less government supervision and regulation, and possible arbitrary and unpredictable enforcement of securities regulations and other laws, as well as differences in, or lack of, auditing and financial reporting standards, which may result in unavailability of material information about issuers and difficulty in obtaining and/or enforcing a judgement in a court outside of the United States. Emerging market economies may be based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local and global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. The securities markets in emerging markets are substantially smaller, less liquid and more volatile than the major securities markets in the United States and other developed countries. A high proportion of the shares of many issuers may be held by a limited number of persons and financial institutions, which may limit the number of shares available for investment by a Fund. A limited number of issuers in emerging markets may represent a disproportionately large percentage of market capitalization and trading value. The limited liquidity of securities markets in these countries may also affect a Fund’s ability to acquire or dispose of securities at the price and time it wishes to do so. The inability of a Fund to dispose fully and promptly of positions in declining markets would cause the Fund’s NAV to decline as the values of the unsold positions are marked to lower prices. In addition, these securities markets are susceptible to being influenced by large investors trading significant blocks of securities.

Foreign Currency Transactions. Investments in foreign securities involve currency risk. A Fund may engage in various transactions to hedge currency risk, but is not required to do so. The instruments a Fund may use for this purpose include, forward foreign currency contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currencies.

A forward foreign currency contract is an obligation to purchase or sell a specified currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price established at the time of the contract. These contracts are entered into directly between currency traders and their customers. A Fund may use these contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency for the purpose of locking in the U.S. dollar price of foreign securities the Fund has agreed to purchase or the amount in U.S. dollars that the Fund will receive when it has sold foreign securities.

Currency futures contracts are similar to forward currency contracts, except that they are traded on exchanges (and have margin requirements) and are standardized as to contract size and delivery date. A Fund may purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts to protect against fluctuations in the U.S. dollar values of foreign securities. For example, a Fund may sell a futures contract on a foreign currency when it holds securities denominated in that currency and it anticipates a decline in the value of that currency relative to the U.S. dollar. If such a decline were to occur, the resulting adverse effect on the value of the foreign-denominated securities may be offset, in whole or in part, by gains on the futures contract.

A currency option is the right - but not the obligation- to buy (in the case of a call) or sell (in the case of a put) a set amount of one currency for another at a predetermined time in the future. The two parties to a currency option contract are the option buyer and the option seller/writer. The option buyer may, for an agreed upon price, purchase from the option writer a commitment that the option writer will sell (or purchase) a specified amount of a foreign currency upon demand. The option extends only until the stated expiration date. The rate at which one currency can be purchased or sold is one of the terms of the option and is called the strike price. The total description of a currency option includes the underlying currencies, the contract size, the expiration date, the strike price and whether the option is an option to purchase the underlying currency (a call) or an option to sell the underlying currency (a put). There are three types of option expirations, American-style, European-style and Bermuda-style. American-style options can be exercised on any business day prior to the expiration date. European-style options can be exercised at expiration only. Bermuda-style options can be exercised at the date of expiration, and on certain specified dates that occur between the purchase date and the date of expiration.

The use of foreign currency transactions involves risks, including the risk of imperfect correlation between movements in futures or options prices and movements in the price of currencies which are the subject of the hedge. The successful use of foreign currency transactions also depends on the ability of the sub-adviser to correctly forecast interest rate movements, currency rate movements and general stock market price movements. There can be no assurance that the sub-adviser’s judgment will be accurate. The use of foreign currency transactions also exposes a Fund to the general risks of investing in futures and options contracts, including: the risk of an illiquid market and the risk of adverse regulatory actions. Any of these factors may cause a Fund to lose money on its foreign currency transactions.

FIXED INCOME SECURITIES.

Asset-Backed Securities. A Fund may invest in asset-backed securities backed by loans such as automobile loans, credit card receivables, marine loans, recreational vehicle loans and manufactured housing loans. Typically, asset-backed securities represent undivided fractional interests in a trust whose assets consist of a pool of loans and security interests in the collateral securing the loans. Payments of principal and interest on asset-backed securities are passed through monthly to certificate holders and are usually guaranteed up to a certain amount and time period by a letter of credit issued by a financial institution. In some cases, asset-backed securities are divided into senior and subordinated classes so as to enhance the quality of the senior class. Underlying loans are subject to risks of prepayment, which may reduce the overall return to certificate holders. If the letter of credit is exhausted and the full amounts due on underlying loans are not received because of unanticipated costs, depreciation, damage or loss of the collateral securing the contracts, or other factors, certificate holders may experience delays in payment or losses on asset-backed securities. A Fund may invest in other asset-backed securities (e.g., equipment trust certificates), including those that may be developed in the future.

Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLOs”). CLOs are debt instruments backed solely by a pool of other debt securities. The risks of an investment in a CLO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CLO in which a Fund invests. Some CLOs have credit ratings, but are typically issued in various classes with various priorities. Normally, CLOs are privately offered and sold (that is, they are not registered under the securities laws) and may be characterized by a Fund as illiquid investments; however, an active dealer market may exist for CLOs that qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal interest rate, default and other risks of fixed income securities, CLOs carry additional risks, including, without limitation, the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments, the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, a Fund may invest in CLOs that are subordinate to other classes, values may be volatile, and disputes with the issuer may produce unexpected investment results.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”). CMOs are generally backed by mortgage pass-through securities or whole mortgage loans. CMOs are usually structured into classes of varying maturities and principal payment priorities. The prepayment sensitivity of each class may or may not resemble that of the CMO’s collateral depending on the maturity and structure of that class. CMOs pay interest and principal (including, without limitation, prepayments) monthly, quarterly, or semi-annually. The prices and yields of CMOs are determined, in part, by assumptions about cash flows from the rate of payments of the underlying mortgage. Changes in interest rates may cause the rate of expected prepayments of those mortgages to change. These prepayment risks can make the prices of CMOs very volatile when interest rates change. That volatility will affect a Fund’s share price. Most CMOs are AAA rated, reflecting the credit quality of the underlying collateral; however, some classes carry greater price risk than that of their underlying collateral. A sub-adviser will invest in classes of CMOs only if their characteristics and interest rate sensitivity fit the investment objective and policies of a Fund.

Corporate and Municipal Debt Securities. Corporate and municipal debt securities purchased by a Fund may be of any credit quality, maturity or yield. Accordingly, a Fund’s debt securities may include “investment grade” securities (those rated at least Baa by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), BBB by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) or Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”) or, if not rated, deemed to be of equivalent quality in the Adviser’s opinion). In addition, a Fund’s debt securities may include lower-rated debt securities including, without limitation, “junk” bonds whose ratings are below investment grade. Debt securities rated Baa by Moody’s or BBB by S&P or Fitch may be considered speculative and are subject to risks of non-payment of interest and principal. Debt securities rated lower than Baa by Moody’s or lower than BBB by S&P or Fitch are generally considered speculative and subject to significant risks of non-payment of interest and principal and greater market fluctuations than higher-rated debt securities. Lower-rated debt securities are usually issued by companies without long track records of sales and earnings, or by companies with questionable credit strength. The retail secondary market for these “junk bonds” may be less liquid than that of higher-rated debt securities, and adverse conditions could make it difficult at times to sell certain securities or could result in lower prices than those used in calculating a Fund’s NAV. These risks can reduce the value of a Fund’s shares and the income it earns. Descriptions of the quality ratings of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch are included as Appendix A to this SAI. While a sub-adviser utilizes the ratings of various credit rating services as one factor in establishing creditworthiness, it relies primarily upon its own analysis of factors establishing creditworthiness.

Credit Default Swaps. A Fund may invest in credit default swaps (“CDSs”) (including, without limitation, contracts on individual securities and index credit default swaps, which are contracts on baskets or indices of securities). The economic return of CDSs depends upon the performance of the reference obligations and/or the reference entities. Exposure to the credit risk of such types of assets through the purchase of CDSs presents risks in addition to those resulting from direct purchases of such types of assets as the related reference obligations. For instance, an active market may not exist for any of the CDSs in which a Fund invests. As a result, a Fund’s ability to maximize returns or minimize losses on such CDSs may be impaired. In addition, a Fund will usually have a contractual relationship only with the counterparty offering the CDS and not the reference obligors on the reference obligations. As a result, a Fund generally will have no right directly to enforce compliance by the reference obligors with the terms of the reference obligations, no rights of set-off against the reference obligors, or any voting or other rights of ownership with respect to the reference obligations. A Fund will not directly benefit from any collateral supporting such reference obligations and will not have the benefit of the remedies that would normally be available to a holder of such reference obligations. Even if, in the case of physically settled CDSs, a Fund obtains such rights upon delivery of the defaulted reference obligations, the Fund’s ability to “work-out” effectively the defaulted reference obligations may be significantly diminished.

CDSs also expose a Fund to counterparty risk. In the event of the insolvency of the counterparty, a Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty and will not have any claim with respect to the reference obligations. Consequently, a Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to defaults by such counterparty as well as by the reference obligors.

When a Fund enters into a short unfunded CDS, upon the occurrence of a credit event, the Fund has an obligation to either deliver the defaulted reference obligation or an equivalent cash payment. Similarly, when a Fund enters into a long unfunded CDS, upon the occurrence of a credit event, the Fund has an obligation to deliver a cash payment related to such credit event. To the extent a Fund lacks adequate funds to satisfy these delivery requirements, the Fund will be required to liquidate other Fund investments in a manner which may be inconsistent with its original investment intent and the Fund’s return may be adversely affected.

To the extent a CDS requires a Fund to settle physically the defaulted reference obligation, a Fund may be adversely affected by the purchase price of the defaulted reference obligation. Similarly, CDS cash settlement mechanics may not accurately reflect the related credit loss and may be subject to the discretion of the party performing the calculation. In addition, there can be losses under a CDS without a related default with respect to the referenced obligation. This occurs when the definition of a credit event in the CDS contains events that are not truly credit related and is called credit basis risk. Also, the size of the structured notes underlying a funded CDS in relation to the size of the reference obligation affects the severity of the losses. In general, as the size of the structured notes decreases in relation to the size of the reference obligation, a Fund’s exposure to credit risk with respect to the CDS increases.

Other risks of CDSs include the cost of paying for credit protection if there are no credit events, pricing transparency when assessing the cost of a credit default swap, and the need to fund the delivery obligation (either cash or the defaulted bonds, depending on whether a Fund enters into a long or short swap, respectively). A Fund’s position in CDSs is also subject to liquidity risk, market risk, structural risk, legal risk, and interest rate risk. A Fund may also invest in certificates which represent an undivided interest in a pool of high yield fixed income securities (“Underlying Securities”). Such securities pay principal and interest to the extent the Underlying Securities pay principal and interest. A Fund may, subject to certain restrictions, optionally redeem its certificates for the related pro rata interest in the Underlying Securities.

Exposure to the credit risk of such types of assets through the purchase of such certificates presents risks in addition to those resulting from direct purchases of the Underlying Securities. Until a Fund redeems its certificates, the Fund will not have a direct contractual relationship with the issuers of the Underlying Securities and will not have a right directly to enforce compliance by such issuers with the terms of the Underlying Securities, a right of set-off against such issuers, or any direct rights of ownership with respect to the Underlying Securities. A Fund’s ability to exercise voting rights with respect to the Underlying Securities may also be limited until it redeems its certificates. A Fund’s yield on such securities is dependent upon a number of factors, including, without limitation, the purchase price of such securities and the occurrence of any early or mandatory redemption with respect thereto. A Fund’s investments in such certificates are also subject to prepayment risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, structural risk, legal risk, and interest rate risk.

Debentures. A debenture is a long-term, unsecured, debt instrument backed only by the integrity of the borrower, not by collateral, and documented by an indenture. Governments often issue debentures, in part because they generally cannot guarantee debt with assets (government assets are public property). The primary risk with this type of investment is that the issuer will default or go into bankruptcy. As an unsecured creditor, in the event of default or bankruptcy, the holder of a debenture does not have a claim against any specific asset(s) of the issuing firm, so the investor will only be paid from the issuer’s assets after the secured creditors have been paid. Each Fund may invest in all types of debentures, including, without limitation, corporate and government debentures.

Demand Notes. Variable and Floating Rate Demand Notes are notes that bear variable or floating interest rates and carry rights that permit holders to demand payment of the unpaid principal balance plus accrued interest from the issuers or certain financial intermediaries. Variable rate demand notes have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days’ notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. The issuer has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days’ notice to the holders. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate. These formulas are designed to result in a market value for the Variable Rate Demand Note or Floating Rate Demand Note that approximates its par value. Variable and Floating Rate Demand Notes are subject to interest rate risks.

Equipment Trust Certificates. A Fund may invest in equipment trust certificates which are a type of asset-backed security that represents undivided fractional interests in a trust whose assets consist of a pool of equipment retail installment contracts or leased equipment. The debt issue is secured by the equipment or physical assets, as the title for the equipment is held in trust for the holders of the issue. Equipment trust certificates are subject to the risk that the lessee or payee defaults on its payments, and risks related to potential declines in the value of the equipment that serves as collateral for the issue.

Inverse Floaters. Inverse floaters are municipal obligations on which the interest rates typically fall as market rates increase and increase as market rates fall. Changes in market interest rates or the floating rate of the security inversely affect the residual interest rate of an inverse floater. As a result, the price of an inverse floater will be considerably more volatile than that of a fixed-rate obligation when interest rates change. Inverse floaters are a form of derivative investment. Certain derivatives can be used to increase or decrease a Fund’s exposure to changing security prices, interest rates or other factors that affect the value of securities. However, these techniques could result in losses to a Fund if A sub-adviser judges market conditions incorrectly or employs a strategy that does not correlate well with the Fund’s other investments. These techniques can cause losses if the counterparty does not perform its promises. An additional risk of investing in municipal securities that are derivative investments is that their market value could be expected to vary to a much greater extent than the market value of municipal securities that are not derivative investments but have similar credit quality, redemption provisions and maturities.

Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities may or may not be issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of residential or commercial mortgage loans, including, without limitation, mortgage loans made by savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers, commercial banks and others. Pools of mortgage loans are assembled as securities for sale to investors by private entities or various governmental and government-related entities. The value of some mortgage-backed securities in which a Fund may invest may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates, and, like other debt securities investments, the ability of the Fund to successfully utilize these instruments may depend in part upon the ability of a sub-adviser to forecast interest rates and other economic factors correctly. Prepayment risk is a major risk of mortgage-backed securities.

Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates. Obligations of Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) include direct pass-through certificates representing undivided ownership interests in pools of mortgages. A Fund may invest in such certificates, which are guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest (but not as to price and yield) by the issuer. For securities issued by GNMA, the payment of principal and interest is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Mortgage pass-through certificates issued by FNMA or FHLMC are guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by the credit of the issuing U.S. government agency. Securities issued by other non-governmental entities (such as commercial banks or mortgage bankers) may offer credit enhancement such as guarantees, insurance, or letters of credit. Mortgage pass-through certificates are subject to more rapid prepayment than their stated maturity date would indicate; their rate of prepayment tends to accelerate during periods of declining interest rates or increased property transfers and, as a result, the proceeds from such prepayments may be reinvested in instruments which have lower yields. The impact of prepayments on the price of a security may be difficult to predict and may increase the volatility of the price.

Other Mortgage Related Securities. In addition to the mortgage pass-through securities and the CMOs mentioned above, a Fund may also invest in other mortgage derivative products. In addition to the prepayment risks described above, rapidly rising interest rates could cause prepayments of mortgages to occur at a slower rate than expected, and the expected maturity of short or medium term mortgage-related securities could lengthen as a result. That could cause their values to fluctuate more, and the share price of the Fund to fluctuate more and to fall. Governmental, government-related, and private entities may create other mortgage-related securities offering mortgage pass-through and mortgage collateralized instruments in addition to those described herein. As new types of mortgage-related securities are developed and offered to the investment community, the Fund may consider making investments in such new types of mortgage-related securities.

Private Activity Bonds. Private activity bonds are generally revenue bonds payable not from general taxes, but from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source, that do not generally carry the pledge of the credit of the issuing municipality. Interest paid from passive activity bonds is generally taxable as ordinary income and, if the proceeds from private activity bonds are used for the construction, repair or improvement of privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, the interest paid on such bonds may be excluded from gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, although current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of these issues. Sizable investments in these obligations could involve an increased risk to a Fund should any of the related facilities experience financial difficulties. The obligations of issuers may become subject to laws enacted in the future by Congress, state legislatures, or local governments of referenda extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations or upon the ability of municipalities to levy taxes. Furthermore, as a result of legislation or other conditions, the power or ability of any issuer to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on its municipal obligations may be materially affected.

U.S. Treasury STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities) (“STRIPS”). STRIPS are created by separating the income and principal components of a debt instrument and selling them separately. STRIPS are created when the coupon payments and the principal payment are stripped from an outstanding Treasury bond by the Federal Reserve Bank. Zero coupon U.S. government securities such as STRIPS are debt obligations that are issued or purchased at a significant discount from face value. The discount approximates the total amount of interest the security will accrue and compound over the period until maturity or the particular interest payment date at a rate of interest reflecting the market rate of the security at the time of issuance. STRIPS do not require the periodic payment of interest. These investments benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service, but generally require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer receipt of cash. These investments may experience greater volatility in market value than U.S. government securities that make regular payments of interest. If a Fund invests in STRIPS, the Fund will accrue income on the investment for tax and accounting purposes, which is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to satisfy the Fund’s distribution obligations, in which case the Fund would forgo the purchase of additional income producing assets with these funds. The value of these instruments tends to fluctuate more in response to changes in interest rates than the value of ordinary interest-paying debt securities with similar maturities. The risk is greater when the period to maturity is longer.

Zero Coupon Securities. A Fund may purchase zero coupon securities. Zero coupon securities do not pay interest or principal until final maturity, unlike debt securities that provide periodic payments of interest (referred to as a coupon payment). Zero coupon securities are bought at a price below the amount payable at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and the amount paid at maturity represents interest on the zero coupon security. One must wait until maturity to receive interest and principal, which increases the market and credit risks of a zero coupon security. A zero coupon step-up security converts to a coupon security before final maturity.

ILLIQUID AND RESTRICTED INVESTMENTS. Illiquid investments are those that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Each Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments. Historically, illiquid investments have included those subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale because they have not been registered under the Securities Act (“restricted securities”), investments that are otherwise not readily marketable, such as over-the-counter options, and repurchase agreements not entitling the holder to payment of principal in seven days. Such investments may offer higher yields than comparable publicly traded securities, and they also may incur higher risks.

Although the investments described in this section generally will be considered illiquid, an investment’s contractual or legal restrictions on resale to the general public or to certain institutions may not be indicative of the liquidity of the investment and therefore these investments may be determined to be liquid in accordance with guidelines established by the Board. The Trustees have delegated to the Adviser the determination of the liquidity of such investments in a Fund’s portfolio as administrator of the Fund’s liquidity risk management program. The Adviser will take into account relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations when determining whether an investment is illiquid.

If illiquid investments exceed 15% of a Fund’s net assets after the time of purchase, the Fund will take steps to reduce in an orderly fashion its holdings of illiquid investments. Because illiquid investments may not be readily marketable, the Adviser may not be able to dispose of them in a timely manner. As a result, a Fund may be forced to hold illiquid investments while their price depreciates. Depreciation in the price of illiquid investments held by a Fund may cause the NAV of the Fund to decline. An investment that is determined by an Adviser to be liquid may subsequently revert to being illiquid if not enough buyer interest exists.

A Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities sold to institutional investors without registration under the Securities Act and commercial paper issued in reliance upon the exemption in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, for which an institutional market has developed. Institutional investors depend on an efficient institutional market in which the unregistered security can be readily resold or on the issuer’s ability to honor a demand for repayment of the unregistered security.

Restricted securities ordinarily can be sold by a Fund in secondary market transactions to certain qualified investors pursuant to rules established by the SEC, in privately negotiated transactions to a limited number of purchasers or in a public offering made pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act. Limitations on the resale of restricted securities may have an adverse effect on their marketability, which may prevent a Fund from disposing of them promptly at reasonable prices. When registration is required, a Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable amount of time may elapse between the decision to sell and the sale date. If, during such period, adverse market conditions were to develop, a Fund might obtain a less favorable price than the price which prevailed when it decided to sell. Restricted securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by the Trustees or their delegate.

A Fund’s difficulty valuing and selling restricted securities and illiquid investments may result in a loss or be costly to a Fund. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security or other illiquid investment held by a Fund, it may be treated as a liquid security, in accordance with procedures and guidelines adopted by the Trust on behalf of the Fund.

LENDING OF PORTFOLIO SECURITIES. In order to generate additional income, a Fund may lend portfolio securities in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets to broker-dealers, major banks or other recognized domestic institutional borrowers of securities which the Fund has determined are creditworthy under guidelines established by the Board. In determining whether a Fund will lend securities, the Fund will consider relevant facts and circumstances. A Fund may not lend securities to any company affiliated with an Adviser to the Fund. Each loan of securities will be collateralized by cash, securities or letters of credit. A Fund might experience a loss if the borrower defaults on the loan.

The borrower at all times during the loan must maintain with the Funds cash or cash equivalent collateral, or provide to the Funds an irrevocable letter of credit equal in value to at least 100% of the value of the securities loaned. While the loan is outstanding, the borrower will pay a Fund any interest paid on the loaned securities, and the Fund may invest the cash collateral to earn additional income. Alternatively, a Fund may receive an agreed-upon amount of interest income from the borrower who has delivered equivalent collateral or a letter of credit. It is anticipated that a Fund may share with the borrower some of the income received on the collateral for the loan or the Fund will be paid a premium for the loan. Loans are subject to termination at the option of a Fund or the borrower at any time. A Fund may pay reasonable administrative and custodial fees in connection with a loan, and may pay a negotiated portion of the income earned on the cash to the borrower or placing broker. As with other extensions of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery or even loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially.

MARKET VOLATILITY RISK. A Fund could lose money over short periods due to short-term market movements and over longer periods during more prolonged market downturns. The value of a security or other instrument may decline due to changes in general market conditions, economic trends or events that are not specifically related to the issuer of the security or other instrument, or factors that affect a particular issuer or issuers, country, group of countries, region, market, industry, group of industries, sector or asset class. During a general market downturn, multiple asset classes may be negatively affected. Changes in market conditions and interest rates generally do not have the same impact on all types of securities and instruments. For example, the recent spread of a novel coronavirus known as COVID-19 resulted in travel restrictions, closed international borders, enhanced health screenings at ports of entry and elsewhere, disruption of and delays in healthcare service preparation and delivery, prolonged quarantines, cancellations, supply chain disruptions, and lower consumer demand, as well as general concern and uncertainty. The impact of COVID-19, and other infectious illness outbreaks that may arise in the future, could adversely affect the economies of many nations or the entire global economy, individual issuers and capital markets in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. In addition, the impact of infectious illnesses in emerging market countries may be greater due to generally less established healthcare systems. Public health crises caused by the COVID-19 outbreak may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social and economic risks in certain countries or globally. The duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and its effects cannot be determined with certainty.

As a result of increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets, armed conflict between countries or in a geographic region has the potential to adversely impact Fund investments. Recent examples of such events include Hamas’ attack on Israel in October of 2023, and the ensuing conflict in the Middle East. Additionally, Russia began a large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, which has led to various countries, including the United States, imposing economic sanctions on certain Russian individuals and Russian corporate and banking entities, and the value and liquidity of Russian securities and the Russian currency have experienced significant declines. Russia’s military incursion and resulting sanctions (and other consequences related to the invasion, such as boycotts or changes in consumer or purchaser preferences or cyberattacks on governments, companies or individuals) could have a severe adverse effect on the region’s economies and more globally, including significant negative impacts on the financial markets for certain securities and commodities, such as oil and natural gas, and thus could further decrease the value and liquidity of a Fund’s investments. The extent and duration of military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial and prolonged. Policy and legislative changes in the United States and in other countries continue to impact many aspects of financial regulation. For example, some countries, including the United States, have adopted and/or are considering the adoption of more protectionist trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs. The rise in protectionist trade policies, with potential changes to some international trade agreements, may affect the global economy in ways that cannot be presently foreseen. These and any related events could significantly impact a Fund’s performance and the value of an investment in the Fund, even beyond any direct exposure the Fund may have to Russian issuers or adjoining geographic regions.

MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS. A Fund may invest directly and indirectly in money market instruments, including, without limitation, U.S. Government obligations or corporate debt obligations (including, without limitation, those subject to repurchase agreements). Money market instruments also may include Banker’s Acceptances and Certificates of Deposit of domestic branches of banks, Commercial Paper, and Master Notes. Banker’s Acceptances are time drafts drawn on and “accepted” by a bank. When a bank “accepts” such a time draft, it assumes liability for its payment. When a Fund acquires a Banker’s Acceptance, the bank that “accepted” the time draft is liable for payment of interest and principal when due. The Banker’s Acceptance carries the full faith and credit of such bank. A Certificate of Deposit is an unsecured, interest bearing debt obligation of a bank. Commercial Paper is an unsecured, short-term debt obligation of a bank, corporation, or other borrower. Commercial Paper maturity generally ranges from two to 270 days and is usually sold on a discounted basis rather than as an interest-bearing instrument. A Fund will invest directly in Commercial Paper only if it is rated in one of the top two rating categories by Moody’s, S&P or Fitch or, if not rated, is deemed to be of equivalent quality. Commercial Paper may include Master Notes of the same quality. Master Notes are unsecured obligations which are redeemable upon demand of the holder and which permit the investment of fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest. The interest rate on a Master Note may fluctuate based on changes in specified interest rates or may be reset periodically according to a prescribed formula or may be a set rate. Although there is no secondary market in master demand notes, if such notes have a demand feature, the payee may demand payment of the principal amount of the note upon relatively short notice. Master Notes are generally illiquid and therefore subject to a Fund’s percentage limitation for illiquid investments.

SHORT SALES. A Fund may enter into short sales, which are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. To complete a short sale, the Fund will borrow the security from a broker-dealer, which generally involves the payment of a premium and transaction costs, and then sell the borrowed security to a buyer in the market. A Fund will cover its short position by buying shares in the market either (i) at its discretion or (ii) when called by the broker-dealer lender. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the broker-dealer lender any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. In addition, the net proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker to the extent necessary to meet regulatory or other requirements, until the short position is closed out.

A Fund will incur a loss as a result of a short sale if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. A Fund will realize a gain if the security declines in price between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest or expenses a Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.

In addition, a Fund may make short sales “against the box,” which occur when the Fund sells a security short while owning securities equivalent in kind and amount to the securities sold short (or securities convertible or exchangeable into such securities) and will hold such securities while the short sale is outstanding. A Fund will incur transaction costs, including, without limitation, interest, in connection with opening, maintaining and closing short sales against the box.

U.S. GOVERNMENT SECURITIES. A Fund may invest a portion of its portfolio in U.S. government securities, defined to be U.S. government obligations such as U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. Treasury bonds, and U.S. Treasury bills, obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government such as GNMA as well as obligations of U.S. government authorities, agencies and instrumentalities such as FNMA, FHLMC, Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), Federal Farm Credit Bank (“FFCB”), Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”), Student Loan Marketing Association (“SLMA”), and the Tennessee Valley Authority. U.S. government securities may be acquired subject to repurchase agreements. While obligations of some U.S. government sponsored entities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government (e.g., GNMA), several are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. government (e.g., FNMA, FHLMC), and still others are supported only by the credit of the issuer itself (e.g., SLMA, FFCB). No assurance can be given that the U.S. government will provide financial support to U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities in the future, other than as set forth above, since it is not obligated to do so by law. The guarantee of the U.S. government does not extend to the yield or value of a Fund’s shares.

WHEN-ISSUED AND FORWARD COMMITMENT SECURITIES. A Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued basis or for settlement at a future date if the Fund holds sufficient liquid assets to meet the purchase price. In such purchase transactions, a Fund will not accrue interest on the purchased security until the actual settlement. Similarly, if a security is sold for a forward date, a Fund will accrue the interest until the settlement of the sale. When-issued security purchases and forward commitments have a higher degree of risk of price movement before settlement due to the extended time period between the execution and settlement of the purchase or sale. As a result, the exposure to the counterparty of the purchase or sale is increased. Although a Fund would generally purchase securities on a forward commitment or when-issued basis with the intention of taking delivery, the Fund may sell such a security prior to the settlement date if such action was determined to be appropriate. In such a case, a Fund could incur a short-term gain or loss.

TEMPORARY DEFENSIVE POSITIONS. A Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its principal investment strategies in an attempt to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions. In such circumstances, a Fund may also hold up to 100% of its portfolio in cash and cash equivalent positions. When a Fund takes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not be able to achieve its investment objective.

CYBERSECURITY RISK. A Fund, like all companies, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks, or risks of catastrophic systems failures by critical service providers. Cybersecurity incidents can also result from deliberate cyberattacks or unintentional events and may arise from external or internal sources. Cyberattacks may include infection by malicious software or gaining unauthorized access to digital systems, networks or devices that are used to service the Funds’ operations (e.g., by “hacking” or “phishing”). Cyberattacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users). These cyberattacks could cause the misappropriation of assets or personal information, corruption of data or operational disruptions. Geopolitical tensions may, from time to time, increase the scale and sophistication of deliberate cyberattacks. Cybersecurity or critical systems failures or breaches of a Fund, its service providers, Authorized Participants or the issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, have the ability to cause disruptions, impact business operations and impede trading, potentially resulting in financial losses, the inability of Authorized Participants to process transactions, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs. A Fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.

INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS

FUNDAMENTAL RESTRICTIONS. Each Fund has adopted the following investment limitations, which cannot be changed without approval by holders of a majority of its outstanding voting Shares. A “majority” for this purpose means the lesser of (i) 67% of the Fund’s outstanding Shares represented in person or by proxy at a meeting at which more than 50% of its outstanding Shares are represented; or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding Shares. Unless otherwise indicated, percentage limitations apply at the time of purchase of the applicable securities.

As a matter of fundamental policy, each Fund may not:

(1)       issue senior securities, except as permitted by the 1940 Act;

(2)       borrow money (including, without limitation, borrowing to meet redemptions), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act;

(3)       pledge, mortgage or hypothecate its assets;