To construct each ActiveBeta®
Factor Subindex, all constituents in the Reference Index are assigned a “factor score” based on certain specified measurements (i.e., in the case of the value factor, the factor score is based on a composite of book value-to-price,
sales-to-price and free cash flow-to-price). Securities with a factor score that is above a fixed “Cut-off Score” receive an overweight in the applicable ActiveBeta® Factor
Subindex relative to the Reference Index and securities with a factor score that is below the Cut-off Score receive an underweight in the applicable ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex relative to the
Reference Index. Accordingly, the magnitude of overweight or underweight that a security receives in constructing the applicable ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex is determined by its attractiveness
when evaluated based on the relevant factor score. The Index only includes long positions (i.e., short positions are impermissible), so the smallest weight for any given security is zero.
Step 2
In the
second step, the ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes are combined in equal weights to form the Index.
The Index is rebalanced on a quarterly basis in accordance with the published rebalancing schedule of the Reference Index.
As of December 1, 2025, the Index consisted of [ ] securities with a market capitalization range of between approximately $[ ] and $[ ] in the
following countries: [Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the
United Kingdom and the United States]. The components of the Index may change over time. The percentage of the portfolio exposed to any asset class, country or geographic region will vary from time to time as the weightings of the securities
within the Index change, and the Fund may not be invested in each asset class, country or geographic region at all times. The Index Provider determines whether an issuer is located in a particular country by reference to the Reference Index
methodology. Solactive AG, which constructs the Reference Index, will generally deem an issuer to be located in a particular country if it is organized under the laws of the particular country and it is primarily listed in the particular country; in
the event that these factors point to more than one country, the Reference Index methodology provides for consideration of the issuer’s country of domicile and country of risk.
The Index is comprised of equity securities, including American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”).
The Fund seeks to invest in the Index components in approximately the same weighting that such components have within the Index at the applicable time. The Fund may purchase a sample of securities in its Index. There may also be instances in which
the Investment Adviser may choose to underweight or overweight a security in the Fund’s Index, purchase securities not in the Fund’s Index that the Investment Adviser believes are appropriate to substitute for certain securities in such
Index or utilize various combinations of other available investment techniques.
The Fund may concentrate its investments (i.e., hold more than 25%
of its total assets) in a particular industry or group of industries to the extent that its Index is concentrated. The degree to which components of the Index represent certain sectors or industries may change over time.
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PRINCIPAL RISKS OF THE FUND |
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Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or
guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Fund should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment
objective. Investments in the Fund involve substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing. The Fund’s principal risks are presented below in alphabetical order, and not in the order of importance or
potential exposure.
Calculation Methodology Risk. The Index relies on various sources of information to assess the criteria of
issuers included in the Index (or the Reference Index), including fundamental information that may be based on assumptions and estimates. Neither the Fund, the Index Provider, Solactive AG (the “Calculation Agent”) nor the Investment
Adviser can offer assurances that the Index’s calculation methodology or sources of information will provide an accurate assessment of included issuers or a correct valuation of securities, nor can they guarantee the availability or timeliness
of the production of the Index.
Depositary Receipts Risk. Foreign securities may trade in the form of depositary receipts, which
include ADRs and GDRs (collectively “Depositary Receipts”). To the extent the Fund acquires Depositary Receipts through banks which do not have a contractual relationship with the foreign issuer of the security underlying the Depositary
Receipts to issue and service such unsponsored Depositary Receipts, there may be an increased possibility that the Fund would not become aware of and be able to respond to corporate actions such as stock splits or rights offerings involving the
foreign issuer in a timely manner. In addition, the lack of information may result in inefficiencies in the valuation of such instruments. Investment in Depositary Receipts does not eliminate all the risks inherent in investing in securities of
non-U.S. issuers. The market value of Depositary Receipts is dependent upon the market value of the underlying securities and fluctuations in the relative value of the currencies in which the Depositary Receipts and the underlying securities are
quoted. The issuers of Depositary Receipts may discontinue issuing new Depositary Receipts and withdraw existing Depositary Receipts at any time, which may result in costs and delays in the distribution of the underlying assets to the Fund and may
negatively impact the Fund’s performance.
2
Foreign Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or
less foreign government regulation; less public information; less stringent investor protections; less stringent accounting, corporate governance, financial reporting and disclosure standards; and less economic, political and social stability in the
countries in which the Fund invests. The imposition of sanctions, exchange controls (including repatriation restrictions), confiscations, trade restrictions (including tariffs) and other government restrictions by the United States and other
governments, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody, may also result in losses. The type and severity of sanctions and other similar measures, including counter sanctions and other retaliatory actions, that may be imposed
could vary broadly in scope, and their impact is impossible to predict. For example, the imposition of sanctions and other similar measures could, among other things, cause a decline in the value and/or liquidity of securities issued by the
sanctioned country or companies located in or economically tied to the sanctioned country and increase market volatility and disruption in the sanctioned country and throughout the world. Sanctions and other similar measures could limit or prevent
the Fund from buying and selling securities (in the sanctioned country and other markets), significantly delay or prevent the settlement of securities transactions, and significantly impact the Fund’s liquidity and performance. Foreign risk
also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value.
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time.
Geographic Risk. If the Fund focuses its investments in
issuers located in a particular country or geographic region, it will subject the Fund to a greater extent than if its investments were less focused, to the risks of volatile economic cycles and/or conditions and developments that may be particular
to that country or region, such as: adverse securities markets; adverse exchange rates; adverse social, political, regulatory, economic, business, environmental or other developments; or natural disasters.
Index Risk. The Fund will be negatively affected by general declines in the securities and asset classes represented in the Index. In
addition, because the Fund is not “actively” managed, unless a specific security is removed from the Index, the Fund generally would not sell a security because the security’s issuer was in financial trouble, and the Fund does not
take defensive positions in declining markets. Market disruptions and regulatory restrictions could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to adjust its exposure to the required levels in order to track the Index. The Index Provider
relies on third party data it believes to be reliable in constructing the Index, but it does not guarantee the accuracy or availability of any such third party data, and there is also no guarantee with respect to the accuracy, availability or
timeliness of the production of the Index.
Industry Concentration Risk. In following its methodology, the Index from time to time may
be concentrated to a significant degree in securities of issuers located in a single industry or group of industries. To the extent that the Index concentrates in the securities of issuers in a particular industry or group of industries, the Fund
also may concentrate its investments to approximately the same extent. By concentrating its investments in an industry or group of industries, the Fund may face more risks than if it were diversified broadly over numerous industries or groups of
industries. If the Index is not concentrated in a particular industry or group of industries, the Fund will not concentrate in a particular industry or group of industries.
Investment Style Risk. The Index is intended to provide exposure to certain equity markets, and as a result the Index may be more volatile
than a more broadly based conventional index. The Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Large Shareholder Risk. Certain shareholders, including other funds advised by the Investment Adviser, may from time to time own a
substantial amount of the Fund’s Shares. In addition, a third party investor, the Investment Adviser or an affiliate of the Investment Adviser, an authorized participant, a lead market maker, or another entity (i.e., a seed investor)
may invest in the Fund and hold its investment solely to facilitate commencement of the Fund or to facilitate the Fund’s achieving a specified size or scale. Any such investment may be held for a limited period of time. There can be no
assurance that any large shareholder would not redeem its investment, that the size of the Fund would be maintained at such levels or that the Fund would continue to meet applicable listing requirements. Redemptions by large shareholders could have
a significant negative impact on the Fund, including on the Fund’s liquidity. In addition, transactions by large shareholders may account for a large percentage of the trading volume on Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc. (“Cboe”) and may,
therefore, have a material upward or downward effect on the market price of the Shares.
Market Risk. The value of the securities
in which the Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors, governments or countries and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global
economies and financial markets. Events such as war, military conflict, geopolitical disputes, acts of terrorism, social or political unrest, natural disasters, recessions, inflation, rapid interest rate changes, supply chain disruptions, tariffs
and other restrictions on trade, sanctions or the spread of infectious illness or other public health threats, or the threat or potential of one or more such events and developments, could also significantly impact the Fund and its investments.
3
Market Trading Risk. The net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund and the
value of your investment may fluctuate. Market prices of Shares may fluctuate, in some cases significantly, in response to the Fund’s NAV, the intraday value of the Fund’s holdings and supply and demand for Shares. The Fund faces
numerous market trading risks, including disruptions to creations and redemptions, the existence of extreme market volatility or potential lack of an active trading market for Shares. Any of these factors, among others, may result in Shares trading
at a significant premium or discount to NAV, which will be reflected in the intraday bid/ask spreads and/or the closing price of Shares as compared to NAV. In addition, because liquidity in certain underlying securities may fluctuate, Shares may
trade at a larger premium or discount to NAV than shares of other kinds of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). If a shareholder purchases Shares at a time when the market price is at a premium to the NAV or sells Shares at a time when the
market price is at a discount to the NAV, the shareholder may pay more for, or receive less than, the underlying value of the Shares, respectively. Additionally, in stressed market conditions, the market for Shares may become less liquid in response
to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings.
The securities held by the Fund may be traded in markets
that close at a different time than the stock exchange on which the Fund’s Shares are listed. Liquidity in those securities may be reduced after the applicable closing times. Accordingly, during the time when the Fund’s listing exchange
is open but after the applicable market closing, fixing or settlement times, bid-ask spreads and the resulting premium or discount to the Shares’ NAV may widen.
Mid-Cap Risk. Investments in mid-capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established
companies. These securities may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity, and these issuers often face greater business risks.
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. stock markets have experienced periods of substantial
price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
Tracking Error Risk. Tracking error is the divergence of the
Fund’s performance from that of the Index. The performance of the Fund may diverge from that of the Index for a number of reasons. Tracking error may occur because of transaction costs, the Fund’s holding of cash, differences in accrual
of dividends, changes to the Index or the need to meet new or existing regulatory requirements. Unlike the Fund, the returns of the Index are not reduced by investment and other operating expenses, including the trading costs associated with
implementing changes to its portfolio of investments. Tracking error risk may be heightened during times of market volatility or other unusual market conditions. The Fund may be required to deviate its investments from the securities and relative
weightings of the Index to comply with the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), to meet the issuer diversification requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
“Code”), applicable to regulated investment companies, or as a result of market restrictions or other legal reasons, including regulatory limits or other restrictions on securities that may be purchased by the Investment Adviser and its
affiliates.
Valuation Risk. The sale price the Fund could receive for a security may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the
security and may differ from the value used by the Index, particularly for securities that trade in low volume or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. Because non-U.S. exchanges may be open on days when the Fund does
not price its Shares, the value of the securities or assets in the Fund’s portfolio may change on days when investors will not be able to purchase or sell the Fund’s Shares. The Fund relies on various sources to calculate its NAV. The
information may be provided by third parties that are believed to be reliable, but the information may not be accurate due to errors by such pricing sources, technological issues or otherwise.
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing: (a) changes in
the performance of the Fund’s Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Fund’s Shares compare to those of a regulatorily required broad-based securities market index (MSCI ACWI Index) (the
“Regulatory Benchmark”), the Prior Index (as defined below) and the Solactive GBS Developed Markets Large & Mid Cap USD Index (the “Secondary Benchmark”). Prior to [ ], 2026, the Fund sought to provide
investment results that closely correspond, before fees and expenses, to the performance of the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Low Vol Plus Equity Index (the “Prior Index”).
Therefore, the Fund’s performance reflects the performance of the Fund tracking the Prior Index. The Secondary Benchmark is generally more representative of the market sectors and/or types of investments in which the Fund invests or to which
the Fund has exposure than the Regulatory Benchmark. The Fund has included in the table below the performance of the Regulatory Benchmark, which represents a broader measure of market performance, to comply with regulatory requirements. For
additional information about the Regulatory Benchmark and Secondary Benchmark, please see “Additional Benchmark Information” on page [10] of the Prospectus. The Fund’s
4
INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH
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| 10 |
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Percent of total assets (including securities lending collateral) (italic type) |
| 10 |
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Percent of net assets (excluding borrowings for investment purposes) (roman type) |
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No specific percentage limitation on usage; limited only by the objective and strategies of the Fund.
The Fund may only invest up to 20% of its assets in securities and other instruments not included in its underlying index. |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
| Investment Practices |
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| Borrowings |
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331⁄3 |
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| Derivatives, including Futures, Options and Swaps |
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| Illiquid Investments* |
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15 |
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| Investment Company Securities (including ETFs)** |
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10 |
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| Preferred Stock, Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights |
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| Repurchase Agreements |
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| Securities Lending |
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331⁄3 |
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| * |
Illiquid investments are any investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in
current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. |
| ** |
This percentage limitation does not apply to the Fund’s investments in other investment companies
where a higher percentage limitation is permitted under the Investment Company Act or rules, regulations or exemptive relief thereunder. |
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No specific percentage limitation on usage; limited only by the objective and strategies of the Fund. |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
| Investment Securities |
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| Equity Investments |
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| Foreign Securities |
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9
Risks of the Fund
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a
bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other governmental agency. The principal risks of the Fund are discussed in the Summary sections of the Prospectus. The following section provides additional information on the risks
that apply to the Fund, which may result in a loss of your investment. The risks applicable to the Fund are presented below in alphabetical order, and not in the order of importance or potential exposure. The Fund should not be relied upon as a
complete investment program. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. Investments in the Fund involve substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
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Principal Risk |
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Additional Risk |
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ActiveBeta® World
Equity ETF |
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| Absence of Active Market Risk |
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| Asian Investment Risk |
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| Authorized Participant Concentration Risk |
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| Calculation Methodology Risk |
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✓ |
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| Cybersecurity Risk |
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✓ |
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| Depositary Receipts Risk |
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✓ |
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| Derivatives Risk |
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| European Investment Risk |
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| Expenses Risk |
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| Foreign Risk |
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✓ |
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| Foreign Custody Risk |
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| Geographic Risk |
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✓ |
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| Index Risk |
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✓ |
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| Industry Concentration Risk |
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✓ |
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| Investment Style Risk |
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✓ |
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| Large Shareholder Risk |
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✓ |
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| Liquidity Risk |
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| Market Risk |
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✓ |
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| Market Trading Risk |
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✓ |
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| Mid-Cap and Small-Cap Risk |
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✓ |
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| Secondary Listing Risk |
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| Stock Risk |
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✓ |
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| Tracking Error Risk |
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✓ |
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| Trading Issues Risk |
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| Valuation Risk |
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✓ |
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| ⬛ |
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Absence of Active Market Risk—There can be no assurance that active trading markets for the
Shares will develop or be maintained by market makers or authorized participants, and there are no obligations of market makers to make a market in the Fund’s Shares or of authorized participants to submit purchase or redemption orders for
Creation Units. ALPS Distributors, Inc., the distributor of the Shares (the “Distributor”), does not maintain a secondary market in the Shares. |
Although market makers will generally take advantage of differences between the NAV and the trading price of Fund Shares through arbitrage
opportunities, there is no guarantee that they will do so. Decisions by market makers or authorized participants to reduce their role or “step away” from market making or creation/redemption activities in times of market stress could
inhibit the effectiveness of the arbitrage process in maintaining the relationship between the underlying value of the Fund’s portfolio securities and the Fund’s market price. This reduced effectiveness could result in Shares trading at
a discount to NAV and also in greater than normal intraday bid/ask spreads for Shares. Market makers and authorized participants may be less willing to create or
10
RISKS OF THE FUND
redeem Fund Shares if there is a lack of an active market for the Shares or its underlying investments, which may also contribute to the
Fund’s Shares trading at a premium or discount to NAV.
| ⬛ |
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Asian Investment Risk—Investing in certain Asian issuers may involve a higher degree of risk
and special considerations not typically associated with investing in issuers from more established economies or securities markets. Many Asian countries can be characterized as either developing or newly industrialized economies and tend to
experience more volatile economic cycles than developed countries. Some countries in the region have in the past experienced currency devaluations that resulted in high interest rate levels, sharp reductions in economic activity and significant
drops in securities prices. Some countries in the region have in the past imposed restrictions on converting local currency which prevented foreign firms from selling assets and repatriating funds. Many countries in the region have historically
encountered political uncertainty, corruption, military intervention, social unrest and regional armed conflict. Examples include territorial disputes with China, ethnic and sectarian violence in Indonesia and India, armed conflict between India and
Pakistan and between North Korea and South Korea, and insurgencies in the Philippines. |
| ⬛ |
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Authorized Participant Concentration Risk—Only an authorized participant may engage in
creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund, and the Fund may have a limited number of financial institutions that act as authorized participants. None of those authorized participants is obligated to engage in creation and/or
redemption transactions. To the extent that those authorized participants exit the business or are unable to or choose not to process creation and/or redemption orders, and no other authorized participant is able to step forward to create and redeem
Shares, there may be a significantly diminished trading market for Shares. As a result, Shares may trade at a discount (or premium) to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or de-listing. Authorized Participant concentration risk may be heightened
to the extent the Fund invests in securities issued by non-U.S. issuers or other securities or instruments that have lower trading volumes. |
| ⬛ |
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Calculation Methodology Risk—The Index relies on various sources of information to assess the
criteria of issuers included in the Index, including information that may be based on assumptions and estimates. Neither the Fund, the Index Provider, the Calculation Agent nor the Investment Adviser can offer assurances that the Index’s
calculation methodology or sources of information will provide an accurate assessment of included issuers or a correct valuation of securities, nor can they guarantee the availability or timeliness of the production of the Index.
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| ⬛ |
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Cybersecurity Risk—The Fund may be susceptible to operational and information security risks
resulting from cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks include, among others, stealing or corrupting confidential information and other data that is maintained online or digitally for financial gain, denial-of-service attacks on websites causing operational
disruption, and the unauthorized release of confidential information and other data. Cyber-attacks have the ability to cause significant disruptions and impact business operations; to result in financial losses; to prevent shareholders from
transacting business; to interfere with the Fund’s calculation of NAV; and to lead to violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs and/or
additional compliance costs. Cyber-attacks affecting the Fund or its Investment Adviser, custodian, Transfer Agent, or other third-party service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders. |
| ⬛ |
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Depositary Receipts Risk—Foreign securities may trade in the form of Depositary Receipts. To
the extent the Fund acquires Depositary Receipts through banks which do not have a contractual relationship with the foreign issuer of the security underlying the Depositary Receipts to issue and service such unsponsored Depositary Receipts, there
may be an increased possibility that the Fund would not become aware of and be able to respond to corporate actions such as stock splits or rights offerings involving the foreign issuer in a timely manner. In addition, the lack of information may
result in inefficiencies in the valuation of such instruments. Investment in Depositary Receipts does not eliminate all the risks inherent in investing in securities of non-U.S. issuers. The market value of Depositary Receipts is dependent upon the
market value of the underlying securities and fluctuations in the relative value of the currencies in which the Depositary Receipts and the underlying securities are quoted. The Fund will not invest in any Depositary Receipts that the Investment
Adviser deems to be illiquid or for which pricing information is not readily available. The issuers of Depositary Receipts may discontinue issuing new Depositary Receipts and withdraw existing Depositary Receipts at any time, which may result in
costs and delays in the distribution of the underlying assets to the Fund and may negatively impact the Fund’s performance. |
| ⬛ |
|
Derivatives Risk—The Fund’s use of derivatives and other similar instruments
(collectively referred to in this paragraph as “derivatives”) may result in losses, including due to adverse market movements. Derivatives, which may pose risks in addition to and greater than those associated with investing directly in
securities, currencies or other assets and instruments, may increase market exposure and be illiquid or less liquid, volatile, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes in the value of the underlying assets or instruments may produce
disproportionate losses to the Fund. Certain derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill, or lacks the capacity or authority to fulfill, its contractual obligations,
liquidity risk, which includes the risk that the Fund will not be able to close its derivatives position when it is advantageous to do so, and risks arising from margin requirements, which include the risk that the Fund will be required to pay
additional margin or set aside additional collateral to maintain open derivative positions. |
11
The use of derivatives
is a highly specialized activity that involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with investments in more traditional securities and instruments, and there is no guarantee that the use of derivatives will achieve their
intended result. If the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of the timing or level of fluctuation in securities prices, interest rates, currency prices or other variables, the use of derivatives could result in losses, which in some
cases may be significant. A lack of correlation between changes in the value of derivatives and the value of the portfolio assets (if any) being hedged could also result in losses. In addition, there is a risk that the performance of the derivatives
or other instruments used by the Investment Adviser to replicate the performance of a particular asset class may not accurately track the performance of that asset class. In addition, the Fund’s use of derivatives may increase or accelerate
the amount of taxes payable by shareholders.
The use of derivatives is also subject to operational and legal risks. Operational risks
generally refer to risks related to potential operational issues, including documentation issues, settlement issues, system failures, inadequate controls, and human error. Legal risks generally refer to risks of loss resulting from insufficient
documentation or legality or enforceability of a contract.
Many of the protections afforded to cleared transactions, such as the security
afforded by transacting through a clearing house, might not be available in connection with over-the-counter (“OTC”) transactions. Therefore, in those instances in which the Fund enters into OTC transactions, the Fund will be subject to
the risk that its direct counterparty will not perform its obligations under the transactions and that the Fund will sustain losses.
| ⬛ |
|
European Investment Risk—Adverse regulatory, economic and political events in Europe may cause
the Fund’s investments to decline in value. The economies and markets of European countries are often closely connected and interdependent, and events in one country in Europe can have an adverse impact on other European countries. The Fund
makes investments in securities of issuers that are domiciled in, or have significant operations in, member countries of the European Union (“EU”) that are subject to economic and monetary controls that can adversely affect the
Fund’s investments. The European financial markets have experienced volatility and adverse trends in recent years and these events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect European
countries. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom (“UK”) withdrew from the EU (commonly known as “Brexit”), which has resulted in ongoing market volatility and caused additional market disruption on a global basis. The
UK and the EU signed the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (“TCA”), which is an agreement on the terms governing certain aspects of the EU’s and UK’s relationship post Brexit. However, under the TCA, many aspects of the
UK-EU relationship remain subject to further negotiation. Although the full effects of Brexit are unknown at this time, Brexit may continue to result in fluctuations of exchange rates, increased illiquidity, inflation, and changes in legal and
regulatory regimes to which certain of the Fund’s assets are subject. These and other effects of Brexit could negatively impact the value of the Fund’s investments. |
| ⬛ |
|
Expenses Risk—By investing in pooled investment vehicles (including ETFs) indirectly through
the Fund, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the other pooled investment vehicles held by the Fund (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Fund.
|
| ⬛ |
|
Foreign Risk—When the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to risk of loss
not typically associated with U.S. issuers. Loss may result because of more or less foreign government regulation; less public information; less stringent investor protections; less stringent accounting, corporate governance, financial reporting and
disclosure standards; less liquid, developed or efficient trading markets; greater volatility; and less economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Fund invests. Loss may also result from, among other things, deteriorating
economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of sanctions, exchange controls (including repatriation restrictions), foreign taxes, confiscation of assets and
property, trade restrictions (including tariffs), expropriations and other government restrictions by the United States and other governments, higher transaction costs, difficulty enforcing contractual obligations or from problems in share
registration, settlement or custody. The type and severity of sanctions and other similar measures, including counter sanctions and other retaliatory actions, that may be imposed could vary broadly in scope, and their impact is impossible to
predict. These types of measures may include, but are not limited to, banning a sanctioned country from global payment systems that facilitate cross-border payments, restricting the settlement of securities transactions by certain investors, and
freezing the assets of particular countries, entities, or persons. The imposition of sanctions and other similar measures could, among other things, cause a decline in the value and/or liquidity of securities issued by the sanctioned country or
companies located in or economically tied to the sanctioned country, downgrades in the credit ratings of the sanctioned country or companies located in or economically tied to the sanctioned country, devaluation of the sanctioned country’s
currency, and increased market volatility and disruption in the sanctioned country and throughout the world. Sanctions and other similar measures could limit or prevent the Fund from buying and selling securities (in the sanctioned country and other
markets), significantly delay or prevent the settlement of securities transactions, and significantly impact the Fund’s liquidity and performance. The Fund or the Investment Adviser may determine not to invest in, or may limit its overall
investment in, a particular issuer, country or |
12
RISKS OF THE FUND
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geographic region due to, among other things, heightened risks regarding repatriation restrictions, confiscation of assets and property, expropriation or nationalization. Such actions may increase the Fund’s tracking error
relative to its Index. Geopolitical developments in certain countries in which the Fund may invest have caused, or may in the future cause, significant volatility in financial markets. For example, Brexit will likely result in increased market
volatility and cause additional market disruption on a global basis. The UK and the EU signed the TCA, which is an agreement on the terms governing certain aspects of the EU’s and UK’s relationship post Brexit. However, under the TCA,
many aspects of the EU-UK relationship remain subject to further negotiation. Although the full effects of Brexit are unknown at this time, Brexit may continue to result in fluctuations of exchange rates, increased illiquidity, inflation, and
changes in legal and regulatory regimes to which certain of the Fund’s assets are subject. These and other geopolitical developments, including ongoing regional armed conflict in Europe, could negatively impact the value of the Fund’s
investments. |
The Fund’s investments in foreign securities may also be subject to foreign currency risk, as described
above, the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Fund may have exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value.
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. Foreign risks will normally be greatest when the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in emerging countries.
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Foreign Custody Risk—The Fund may hold foreign securities and cash with foreign banks, agents,
and securities depositories appointed by the Fund’s custodian (each a “Foreign Custodian”). Some Foreign Custodians may be recently organized or new to the foreign custody business. In some countries, Foreign Custodians may be
subject to little or no regulatory oversight over or independent evaluation of their operations. Further, the laws of certain countries may place limitations on the Fund’s ability to recover its assets if a Foreign Custodian enters bankruptcy.
Investments in emerging markets may be subject to even greater custody risks than investments in more developed markets. Custody services in emerging countries are very often under-developed and may be considerably less well regulated than in more
developed countries, and thus may not afford the same level of investor protection as would apply in developed countries. |
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Geographic Risk—If the Fund focuses its investments in securities of issuers located in a
particular country or geographic region, it will subject the Fund, to a greater extent than if its investments were less focused, to the risks of volatile economic cycles and/or conditions and developments that may be particular to that country or
region, such as: adverse securities markets; adverse exchange rates; adverse social, political, regulatory, economic, business, environmental or other developments; or natural disasters. |
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Index Risk—The Fund will be negatively affected by general declines in the securities and
asset classes represented in its Index. In addition, because the Fund is not “actively” managed, unless a specific security is removed from the Index, the Fund generally would not sell a security because the security’s issuer was
in financial trouble. Market disruptions and regulatory restrictions could have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to adjust its exposure to the required levels in order to track the Index. The Fund also does not attempt to take defensive
positions under any market conditions, including declining markets. Therefore, the Fund’s performance could be lower than funds that may actively shift their portfolio assets to take advantage of market opportunities or to lessen the impact of
a market decline or a decline in the value of one or more issuers. |
Neither the Fund, the Investment Adviser nor the Index
Provider guarantee the accuracy, availability or timeliness of the production of the Index. The Index Provider may utilize third party data in constructing the Index, but it does not guarantee the quality, accuracy or availability of such third
party data. Errors in index data, index computation or the construction of the Index in accordance with its methodology may occur from time to time and may not be identified and corrected by the Index Provider for a period of time or at all, which
may negatively or positively impact the applicable Fund and its shareholders. For example, during a period where the Index contains incorrect constituents, the Fund would have market exposure to such constituents and would be underexposed to the
Index’s other constituents. Unusual market conditions may also cause the Index Provider to modify, postpone or cancel a scheduled rebalance, which could cause the Index to vary from its normal or expected composition. The modification,
postponement, or cancellation of a scheduled rebalance could mean that Index constituents that would otherwise be removed at a rebalance due to changes in market capitalizations, issuer credit ratings, or other reasons in accordance with the
Index’s methodology may remain in the Index and the Fund, causing the performance and constituents of the Index and the Fund to vary from those expected under normal conditions.
Apart from scheduled rebalances, the Index Provider or its agents may carry out additional ad hoc rebalances to the Index in order, for example,
to correct an error in the selection of index constituents. When the Index is rebalanced and the Fund in turn rebalances its portfolio to attempt to increase the correlation between the Fund’s portfolio and its Index, any transaction costs and
market exposure arising from such portfolio rebalancing may be borne directly by the Fund and its shareholders. Therefore, errors and additional ad hoc rebalances carried out by the Index Provider or its agents to the Index may increase the costs to
and the tracking
13
error risk of the
Fund. In addition, any gains from errors by the Index Provider will be kept by the Fund and its shareholders and any losses or costs resulting from errors by the Index Provider will be borne by the Fund and its shareholders.
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Industry Concentration Risk—In following its methodology, the Index from time to time may be
concentrated to a significant degree in securities of issuers located in a single industry or group of industries. To the extent that the Index concentrates in the securities of issuers in a particular industry or group of industries, the Fund also
will concentrate its investments to approximately the same extent. By concentrating its investments in an industry or group of industries, the applicable Fund may face more risks than if it were diversified broadly over numerous industries or groups
of industries. If the Index is not concentrated in a particular industry or group of industries, the applicable Fund will not concentrate in a particular industry or group of industries. |
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Investment Style Risk—The Index is intended to provide exposure to certain equity markets, and
as a result the Index may be more volatile than a more broadly based conventional index. The Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles. |
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Large Shareholder Risk—Certain large shareholders, including other funds advised by the
Investment Adviser, may from time to time own a substantial amount of the Fund’s Shares. In addition, a third party investor, the Investment Adviser or an affiliate of the Investment Adviser, an authorized participant, a lead market maker, or
another entity (i.e., a seed investor) may invest in the Fund and hold its investment solely to facilitate commencement of the Fund or to facilitate the Fund’s achieving a specified size or scale. Any such investment may be held for a
limited period of time. There can be no assurance that any large shareholder would not redeem its investment. Dispositions of a large number of Shares by these shareholders, which may occur rapidly or unexpectedly, may adversely affect the
Fund’s liquidity and net assets to the extent such transactions are executed directly with the Fund in the form of redemptions through an authorized participant, rather than executed in the secondary market. To the extent effected in cash,
these redemptions may also force the Fund to sell portfolio securities when it might not otherwise do so, which may negatively impact the Fund’s NAV and increase the Fund’s brokerage costs. Such cash redemptions may also accelerate the
realization of taxable income to shareholders, which could make investments in Shares less tax-efficient than an investment in an ETF that is able to effect redemptions in-kind. Similarly, large Fund share purchases through an authorized participant
may adversely affect the performance of the Fund to the extent that the Fund is delayed in investing new cash or otherwise maintains a larger cash position than it ordinarily would. To the extent these large shareholders transact in Shares on the
secondary market, such transactions may account for a large percentage of the trading volume on Cboe and may, therefore, have a material upward or downward effect on the market price of the Shares. |
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Liquidity Risk—The Fund may invest in securities or instruments that trade in lower volumes,
that are less liquid than other investments and/or that may become illiquid or less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Investments that are illiquid or that trade in lower volumes may be more difficult to
value. The Fund’s transactions in securities that trade in lower volumes may be executed over a period of time, which could impact the prices at which the Fund transacts. When there is no willing buyer and investments cannot be readily sold at
the desired time or price, the Fund may have to accept a lower price or may not be able to sell the security or instrument at all. An inability to sell one or more portfolio positions can adversely affect the Fund’s value.
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Illiquidity can be caused by a drop in overall market trading volume, an inability to find a willing buyer, or legal
restrictions on the securities’ resale.
To the extent the Fund engages in cash redemptions, then liquidity risk may also refer to
the risk that the Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period or without significant dilution to remaining investors’ interests because of unusual market conditions, declining prices of the securities
sold, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, a redemption request by a large shareholder (such as a seed investor) or other reasons. If the Fund is forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions, such
sales may adversely affect the Fund’s NAV and dilute remaining investors’ interests.
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Market Risk—The value of the securities in which the Fund invests may go up or down in
response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors, governments or countries and/or general economic conditions throughout the world. Price changes may be temporary or last for extended periods. The Fund’s investments may be
overweighted from time to time in one or more sectors, countries or regions, which will increase the Fund’s exposure to risk of loss from adverse developments affecting those sectors, countries or regions. |
Global economies and financial markets are becoming increasingly interconnected, and conditions and events in one country, region or financial
market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Furthermore, local, regional and global events such as war, military conflict, geopolitical disputes, acts of terrorism, social or political unrest, natural
disasters, recessions, inflation, rapid interest rate changes, supply chain disruptions, tariffs and other restrictions on trade, sanctions or the spread of infectious illness or other public health threats, or the threat or potential of one or more
such events and develop-
14
RISKS OF THE FUND
ments, could also adversely impact issuers, markets and economies, including in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. The Fund could be
negatively impacted if the value of a portfolio holding were harmed by such political or economic conditions or events. In addition, governmental and quasi-governmental organizations have taken a number of unprecedented actions designed to support
the markets. Such conditions, events and actions may result in greater market risk.
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Market Trading Risk—The NAV of the Fund and the value of your investment may fluctuate. Market
prices of Shares may fluctuate, in some cases significantly, in response to the Fund’s NAV, the intraday value of the Fund’s holdings and supply and demand for Shares. The Fund faces numerous market trading risks, including disruptions
to creations and redemptions, the existence of extreme market volatility or potential lack of an active trading market for Shares. If a shareholder purchases Shares at a time when the market price is at a premium to the NAV or sells Shares at a time
when the market price is at a discount to the NAV, the shareholder may pay more for, or receive less than, the underlying value of the Shares, respectively. The Investment Adviser cannot predict whether Shares will trade below, at or above their
NAV. Price differences may be due, in large part, to the fact that supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for Shares will be closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the securities
of the Fund’s Index trading individually or in the aggregate at any point in time. While the creation/redemption feature is designed to make it more likely that the Fund’s Shares normally will trade on stock exchanges at prices close to
the Fund’s next calculated NAV, exchange prices are not expected to correlate exactly with the Fund’s NAV due to timing reasons, supply and demand imbalances, perception of unreliability of disclosed NAV, and other factors. Any of these
factors, among others, may result in Shares trading at a significant premium or discount to NAV, which will be reflected in the intraday bid/ask spreads and/or the closing price of Shares as compared to NAV. In addition, because liquidity in certain
underlying securities may fluctuate, Shares of the Fund may trade at a larger premium or discount to NAV than Shares of other kinds of ETFs. Additionally, in stressed market conditions, the market for Shares may become less liquid in response to
deteriorating liquidity in the markets for the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings. There are various methods by which investors can purchase and sell Shares and various orders that may be placed. Investors should consult their financial
intermediary before purchasing or selling Shares of the Fund. |
An investor that buys or sells Shares through a broker
will likely incur a brokerage commission or other charge imposed by the broker. In addition, the market price of Shares, like other exchange-traded securities, includes a “bid-ask spread” (the difference between the price at which
investors are willing to buy Shares and the price at which investors are willing to sell Shares). The bid-ask spread will vary over time based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity and may increase as a result of a decrease in the
Fund’s trading volume, the spread of the Fund’s underlying securities, or market liquidity. The bid-ask spread may increase significantly in times of market disruption, meaning that Shares may trade at a discount to the Fund’s NAV
and that discount is likely to be greatest during significant market volatility. During such periods, you may be unable to sell your Shares or may incur significant losses if you sell your Shares.
Shares of the Fund, like other publicly-traded securities, may be sold short. Shares are therefore subject to the risk of price decreases and
increased volatility associated with being sold short.
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Mid-Cap and Small-Cap Risk—The securities of mid-capitalization and small-capitalization
companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable the Fund to effect
sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price. Both mid-capitalization and small-capitalization companies often have narrower markets and more limited managerial and financial resources than larger, more established companies.
As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund’s portfolio. Generally, the smaller the company size, the greater these risks become.
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Secondary Listing Risk—The Fund’s Shares may be listed or traded on U.S. and non-U.S.
stock exchanges other than the U.S. stock exchange where the Fund’s primary listing is maintained. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s Shares will continue to trade on any such stock exchange or in any market or that the
Fund’s Shares will continue to meet the requirements for listing or trading on any exchange or in any market. The Fund’s Shares may be less actively traded in certain markets than in others, and investors are subject to the execution and
settlement risks and market standards of the market where they or their broker direct their trades for execution. Certain information available to investors who trade Fund Shares on a U.S. stock exchange during regular U.S. market hours may not be
available to investors who trade in other markets, which may result in secondary market prices in such markets being less efficient. Shares of the Fund may trade in the secondary market outside of the trading hours of the Fund’s primary
exchange. At such times, Shares may trade with more significant premiums or discounts than might be experienced otherwise. |
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Stock Risk—Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and
foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future. Stock prices may fluctuate from time to time in |
15
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response to the activities of individual companies and in response to general market and economic conditions. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and
developments, and the stock prices of such companies may suffer a decline in response. |
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Tracking Error Risk—Tracking error is the divergence of the Fund’s performance from that
of its Index. The performance of the Fund may diverge from that of its Index for a number of reasons. Tracking error may occur because of transaction costs, the Fund’s holding of cash, differences in accrual of dividends, changes to its Index
or the need to meet new or existing regulatory requirements. Unlike the Fund, the returns of the Index are not reduced by investment and other operating expenses, including the trading costs associated with implementing changes to its portfolio of
investments. The frequency at which the Index is rebalanced may result in higher trading costs for the Fund and, as a result, greater tracking error. Tracking error risk may be heightened during times of market volatility or other unusual market
conditions. To the extent that the Fund calculates its NAV based on fair value prices and the value of its Index is based on securities’ closing prices (i.e., the value of the Index is not based on fair value prices), the Fund’s
ability to track the Index may be adversely affected. The Fund may be required to deviate its investments from the securities and relative weightings of its Index to comply with the Investment Company Act, to meet the issuer diversification
requirements of the Code applicable to regulated investment companies, or as a result of local market restrictions or other legal reasons. The Fund’s investments may vary from the securities of its Index due to the Fund’s inability to
invest in certain securities as a result of legal and compliance restrictions applicable to the Fund and/or the Investment Adviser and regulatory limits or other restrictions on securities that may be purchased by the Investment Adviser and its
affiliates. For tax efficiency purposes, the Fund may sell certain securities to realize losses, which will result in a deviation from its Index. |
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Trading Issues Risk—Trading in Shares on Cboe may be halted due to market conditions or for
reasons that, in the view of Cboe, make trading in Shares inadvisable. In addition, trading in Shares on Cboe is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to Cboe’s “circuit breaker” rules. If a
trading halt or unanticipated closing of the exchange occurs, a shareholder may be unable to purchase or sell Shares. There can be no assurance that the requirements of Cboe necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund, including the required
number of shareholders, will continue to be met or will remain unchanged, which may cause the Fund to be delisted from Cboe. If the Fund were delisted from Cboe, the value of the Fund may decline and performance may be negatively impacted. Any
resulting liquidation of the Fund may cause the Fund to incur elevated transaction costs and result in negative tax consequences for its shareholders. |
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Valuation Risk—The sale price the Fund could receive for a security may differ from the
Fund’s valuation of the security and may differ from the value used by the Fund’s Index, particularly for securities that trade in low volume or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. Because non-U.S.
exchanges may be open on days when the Fund does not price its Shares, the value of foreign securities or assets in the Fund’s portfolio may change on days when investors will not be able to purchase or sell the Fund’s Shares. The Fund
relies on various sources to calculate its NAV. The information may be provided by third parties that are believed to be reliable, but the information may not be accurate due to errors by such pricing sources, technological issues or otherwise. NAV
calculation may also be impacted by operational risks arising from factors such as failures in systems and technology. |
More information
about the Fund’s portfolio securities and investment techniques, and their associated risks, is provided in Appendix A. You should consider the investment risks discussed in this section and in Appendix A. Both are important to your investment
choice.
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Tax Advantaged Product Structure
Unlike many conventional mutual funds which are only bought and sold
at closing NAVs, the Shares of the Fund, like Shares of certain other ETFs, have been designed to be redeemed principally in-kind in Creation Units at each day’s market close. These in-kind arrangements are designed to mitigate adverse effects
on the Fund’s portfolio that could arise from frequent cash redemption transactions that affect the NAV of the Fund. Moreover, in contrast to conventional mutual funds, where frequent redemptions can have an adverse tax impact on taxable
shareholders because of the need to sell portfolio securities which, in turn, may generate taxable gain, the in-kind redemption mechanism of the Fund, as applicable, to the extent used, generally is not expected to lead to a tax event for
shareholders whose Shares are not being redeemed. There is no guarantee that these tax advantages will be realized or will materially reduce the amount of taxable capital gains distributed by the Fund to shareholders.
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Service Providers
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| Investment Adviser |
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Fund |
| Goldman Sachs Asset Management L.P. (“GSAM”)
200 West Street
New York, NY 10282 |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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GSAM has been registered as an investment adviser with the SEC since 1990 and is an indirect,
wholly-owned subsidiary of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and an affiliate of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (“Goldman Sachs”). Founded in 1869, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a publicly-held financial holding company and a leading
global investment banking, securities and investment management firm. As of [ ], GSAM, including its investment advisory affiliates, had assets under supervision of approximately $[ ] trillion.
The Investment Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund and places purchase and sale orders for the Fund’s
portfolio transactions in U.S. and foreign markets. As permitted by applicable law, these orders may be directed to any executing brokers, dealers, futures commission merchants (“FCMs”) or other counterparties, including Goldman Sachs
and its affiliates. While the Investment Adviser is ultimately responsible for the management of the Fund, it is able to draw upon the research and expertise of its asset management affiliates with respect to managing certain portfolio securities.
In addition, the Investment Adviser has access to proprietary tools developed by Goldman Sachs (subject to legal, internal, regulatory and Chinese wall restrictions), and will apply quantitative and qualitative analysis in determining the
appropriate allocations among categories of issuers and types of securities.
The Investment Adviser also performs the following additional
services for the Fund, to the extent such services are not required to be performed by others pursuant to the fund administration and accounting agreement, the custodian agreement, the transfer agency agreement, distribution agreement or such other
agreements with service providers to the Fund that the Board has approved:
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Supervises non-advisory operations of the Fund, including oversight of vendors hired by the Fund, oversight of
Fund liquidity and risk management, oversight of regulatory inquiries and requests with respect to the Fund made to the Investment Adviser, valuation and accounting oversight and oversight of ongoing compliance with federal and state securities
laws, tax regulations, and other applicable law |
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Provides personnel to perform such executive, administrative and clerical services as are reasonably necessary to
provide effective administration of the Fund |
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Arranges for: (a) the preparation of all required tax returns, (b) the preparation and submission of
reports to existing shareholders, (c) the periodic updating of prospectuses and statements of additional information and (d) the preparation of reports to be filed with the SEC and other regulatory authorities |
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Maintains the records of the Fund |
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Provides office space and necessary office equipment and services for the Investment Adviser
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An investment in the Fund may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human
errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third-party service providers or trading counterparties. Although the Fund attempts to minimize such failures
through controls and oversight, it is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the Fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The Fund and its
shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
GSAM may manage other funds, accounts, additional pooled vehicles and/or separate
accounts that have similar investment strategies to those of the Fund. These funds, pooled vehicles or accounts may perform differently than the Fund despite their similar strategies. Because the pooled vehicles may not be registered under the
Investment Company Act, they are subject to fewer regulatory restraints than the Fund (e.g., fewer trading constraints) and may employ strategies that are not subject to the same constraints as the Fund.
GSAM and/or its affiliates expect to make payments to one or more investors that contribute seed capital to the Fund. Such payments may continue
for a specified period of time and/or until a specified dollar amount is reached. Those payments will be made from the assets of GSAM and/or such affiliates (and not the Fund). There is a risk that such seed investors may redeem their
18
SERVICE PROVIDERS
investments in the Fund. As with redemptions by other large shareholders, such redemptions could have a significant negative impact on the Fund.
From time to time, Goldman Sachs or any of its affiliates may purchase and hold Shares of the Fund. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates
reserve the right to redeem or sell at any time some or all of the Shares acquired for their own accounts.
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MANAGEMENT FEE AND OTHER EXPENSES |
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Pursuant to the Fund’s Management Agreement, as compensation for its services to the Fund, the
Investment Adviser is entitled to a management fee, computed daily and payable monthly, at an annual rate listed below (as a percentage of the Fund’s average daily net assets). Under the Management Agreement for the Fund, the Investment
Adviser is responsible for substantially all the expenses of the Fund, excluding payments under the Fund’s 12b-1 plan (if any), interest expenses, taxes, acquired fund fees and expenses, brokerage fees, costs of holding shareholder meetings
and litigation, indemnification and extraordinary expenses.
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| Fund |
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Fee as a Percentage of Average Daily
Net Assets |
| ActiveBeta®
World Equity ETF |
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[ ]% |
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For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, the effective net unitary management fee rate (as
a percentage of the Fund’s average daily net assets) was [ ]% for the Fund.
The Investment Adviser may waive a portion of
its management fee, including fees earned as the Investment Adviser to any of the affiliated funds in which the Fund invests, except those management fees it earns from the Fund’s investments of cash collateral received in connection with
securities lending transactions in affiliated funds, from time to time, and may discontinue or modify any such waivers in the future, consistent with the terms of any fee waiver arrangements that may be in place.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board of Trustees’ approval of the Management Agreement for the Fund in 2025 is available in the
Fund’s Form N-CSR dated August 31, 2025.
The individuals jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are listed below.
The Fund’s portfolio managers’ individual responsibilities may differ and may include, among other things, oversight and maintenance of allocations to index securities, selecting the composition of creation and redemption baskets,
general oversight of the implementation processes and management of the Fund’s portfolio.
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| Name and Title |
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Fund Responsibility |
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Years Primarily Responsible |
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Five Year Employment History |
| Raj Garigipati
Managing Director |
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Portfolio Manager—
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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Since
2022 |
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Mr. Garigipati joined the ETF Portfolio Management team in 2015. He is the global head of the ETF Portfolio Management team
within the Quantitative Equity Solutions team, a role he has held since 2016. |
| Gauri Sekaria
Vice President |
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Portfolio Manager—
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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Since 2024 |
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Ms. Sekaria rejoined the Investment Adviser in 2019. She is a member of the ETF Portfolio Management team within the
Quantitative Equity Solutions team. Ms. Sekaria originally joined the Investment Adviser in 2005. |
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For information about portfolio manager compensation, other accounts managed by a portfolio manager and
portfolio manager ownership of securities in the Fund, see the SAI.
ALPS Distributors, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203, serves as the exclusive distributor
of Creation Units of Shares of the Fund pursuant to a “best efforts” arrangement as provided by a distribution agreement with the Trust on
19
behalf of the Fund.
Shares of the Fund are offered and sold on a continuous basis by the Distributor, acting as agent. The Distributor does not maintain a secondary market in the Fund’s Shares.
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TRANSFER AGENT, CUSTODIAN AND PROVIDER OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES |
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The Bank of New York (“BNY”), 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286, serves as the
Trust’s transfer and dividend disbursing agent. Under its transfer agency agreement with the Trust, BNY has undertaken with the Trust to provide the following services with respect to the Fund: (i) perform and facilitate the performance
of purchases and redemptions of Creation Units, (ii) prepare and transmit by means of Depository Trust Company’s (“DTC”) book-entry system payments for dividends and distributions on or with respect to the Shares declared by
the Trust on behalf of the Fund, as applicable, (iii) prepare and deliver reports, information and documents as specified in the transfer agency agreement, (iv) perform the customary services of a transfer agent and dividend disbursing
agent, and (v) render certain other miscellaneous services as specified in the transfer agency agreement or as otherwise agreed upon.
BNY is the custodian of the Trust’s portfolio securities and cash. The custodian of the Trust may change from time to time. BNY also
maintains the Trust’s accounting records. BNY may appoint domestic and foreign sub-custodians and use depositories from time to time to hold securities and other instruments purchased by the Trust in foreign countries and to hold cash and
currencies for the Trust.
BNY provides administrative services pursuant to a fund administration agreement with the Trust (the “Fund
Administration and Accounting Agreement”) pursuant to which BNY provides certain services, including, among others, (i) preparation of certain shareholder reports and communications; (ii) preparation of certain reports and filings
with the SEC; (iii) certain NAV computation services; and (iv) such other services for the Trust as may be mutually agreed upon between the Trust and BNY. For its services under the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement, BNY
receives such fees based on a stated percentage of net assets as are agreed upon from time to time between the parties. In addition, BNY is reimbursed for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the Fund Administration and
Accounting Agreement. In addition, an affiliate of BNY will also provide certain other services for the Trust, including, (i) providing foreign exchange transaction services and (ii) executing trades in connection with certain creation and
redemption transactions effected partially in cash. For these services, the BNY affiliate will receive compensation based on levels that are negotiated with the Trust and/or the Investment Adviser. BNY also provides certain middle office services to
GSAM pursuant to a service agreement.
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ACTIVITIES OF GOLDMAN SACHS AND ITS AFFILIATES AND OTHER ACCOUNTS MANAGED BY GOLDMAN SACHS |
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The involvement of the Investment Adviser, Goldman Sachs and their affiliates in the management of, or their
interest in, other accounts and other activities of Goldman Sachs will present conflicts of interest with respect to the Fund and will, under certain circumstances, limit the Fund’s investment activities. Goldman Sachs is a worldwide, full
service investment banking, broker dealer, asset management and financial services organization and a major participant in global financial markets that provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that
includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and individuals. As such, it acts as a broker-dealer, investment adviser, investment banker, underwriter, research provider, administrator, financier, adviser, market maker, trader, prime
broker, derivatives dealer, clearing agent, lender, custodian, counterparty, agent, principal, distributor, investor or in other commercial capacities for accounts or companies (including Fund portfolio companies) or affiliated or unaffiliated
investment funds (including pooled investment vehicles and private funds) in which one or more accounts, including the Fund, invest. In those and other capacities, Goldman Sachs and its affiliates advise and deal with clients and third parties in
all markets and transactions and purchase, sell, hold and recommend a broad array of investments, including securities, derivatives, loans, commodities, currencies, credit default swaps, indices, baskets and other financial instruments and products
for their own accounts or for the accounts of their customers and have other direct and indirect interests in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, bank loans and other markets in which the Fund directly and indirectly invests.
Thus, it is expected that the Fund will have multiple business relationships with and will invest in, engage in transactions with, make voting decisions with respect to, or obtain services from entities for which Goldman Sachs and its affiliates
perform or seek to perform investment banking or other services. The Investment Adviser and/or certain of its affiliates are the managers of the Goldman Sachs Funds. The Investment Adviser and its affiliates earn fees from this and other
relationships with the Fund. Although management fees paid by the Fund to the Investment Adviser and certain other fees paid to the Investment Adviser’s affiliates are based on asset levels, the fees are not directly contingent on Fund
performance, and the Investment Adviser and its
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SERVICE PROVIDERS
affiliates will still receive significant compensation from the Fund even if shareholders lose money. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates engage in
proprietary trading and advise accounts and funds which have investment objectives, principal investment strategies and/or policies similar or substantially similar to those of the Fund or which are based on the same, or substantially similar,
strategies that are used in the operation of the Index and/or which engage in and compete for transactions in the same types of securities, currencies and instruments as the Fund. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates will not have any obligation to make
available any information regarding their proprietary activities or strategies, or the activities or strategies used for other accounts managed by them, for the benefit of the management of the Fund. The results of the Fund’s investment
activities, therefore, will likely differ from those of Goldman Sachs, its affiliates and other accounts managed by Goldman Sachs, and it is possible that the Fund could sustain losses during periods in which Goldman Sachs and its affiliates and
other accounts achieve significant profits on their trading for proprietary or other accounts. In addition, the Fund may enter into transactions in which Goldman Sachs and its affiliates or their other clients have an adverse interest. For example,
the Fund may take a long position in a security at the same time that Goldman Sachs and its affiliates or other accounts managed by the Investment Adviser or its affiliates take a short position in the same security (or vice versa). These and other
transactions undertaken by Goldman Sachs, its affiliates or Goldman Sachs-advised clients may, individually or in the aggregate, adversely impact the Fund. In some cases, such adverse impacts may result from differences in the timing of transactions
by accounts relative to when the Fund executes transactions in the same securities. Transactions by one or more Goldman Sachs-advised clients or the Investment Adviser may have the effect of diluting or otherwise disadvantaging the values, prices or
investment strategies of the Fund. The Fund’s activities will, under certain circumstances, be limited because of regulatory restrictions applicable to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates, and/or their internal policies designed to comply with
such restrictions. As a global financial services firm, Goldman Sachs and its affiliates also provide a wide range of investment banking and financial services to issuers of securities and investors in securities. Goldman Sachs, its affiliates and
others associated with it are expected to create markets or specialize in, have positions in and/or effect transactions in, securities of issuers held by the Fund, including issuers whose securities are components of one or more indices, such as the
Index, that are created and operated by Goldman Sachs, and will likely also perform or seek to perform investment banking and financial services for one or more of those issuers. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates are expected to have business
relationships with and purchase or distribute or sell services or products from or to distributors, consultants or others who recommend the Fund or who engage in transactions with or for the Fund.
For more information about conflicts of interest, see the section titled “Potential Conflicts of Interest” in the SAI.
The Fund seeks to track the performance of the Index that has been created by Goldman Sachs through Goldman Sachs’ selection of the
components of the Index and/or the development of strategies or methodologies designed to operate the Index. The operation of the Index, and the management of the Fund and accounts by the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs, may give rise to
potential conflicts of interest. Such conflicts of interest may arise with respect to the management of accounts that use the same proprietary strategies that are used in the operation of the Fund’s underlying index.
Goldman Sachs follows policies and procedures that are designed to address potential conflicts that may arise in connection with Goldman
Sachs’s operation of the Index, the Fund and accounts. These include policies and procedures include certain information barriers and other policies to address the sharing of information between different businesses within Goldman Sachs,
including with respect to personnel responsible for maintaining the Index and those involved in decision-making for the Fund as well as procedures designed to ensure the equitable allocation of portfolio transactions and to prevent the misuse, of
material non- public information by the Investment Adviser or associated person. In addition, such conflicts may be mitigated by existing protections under the Investment Company Act and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the
“Advisers Act”), as well as the Fund’s policy to maintain full portfolio transparency.
The Fund will, from time to
time, make brokerage and other payments to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates in connection with the Fund’s portfolio investment transactions, in accordance with applicable law.
The Fund’s Board of Trustees may approve a securities lending program where an affiliate of the Investment Adviser is retained to serve as
the securities lending agent for the Fund to the extent that the Fund engages in the securities lending program. For these services, the lending agent would receive a fee from the Fund, including a fee based on the returns earned on the Fund’s
investment of the cash received as collateral for the loaned securities.
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Distributions
The Fund pays distributions from its investment income and from net
realized capital gains.
Distributions from net investment income, if any, are normally declared and paid quarterly for the Fund, and
distributions from net capital gains, if any, are normally declared and paid annually for the Fund. In addition, the Fund may occasionally make a distribution at a time when it is not normally made.
In addition to the net investment income dividends paid quarterly or semi-annually, as applicable, the Fund may also earn additional net
investment income throughout the year. Any additional net investment income will be distributed annually as a declared event and paid to shareholders of record for such events.
From time to time a portion of the Fund’s distributions may constitute a return of capital for tax purposes, and/or may include amounts in
excess of the Fund’s net investment income for the period calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).
Dividends and other distributions on Shares of the Fund are distributed on a pro rata basis to beneficial owners of such Shares. Dividend
payments are made through Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) Participants and Indirect Participants (each as described in the Book Entry section below) to beneficial owners then of record with proceeds received from the Fund.
No dividend reinvestment service is provided by the Fund. Broker-dealers may make available the DTC book-entry dividend reinvestment service for
use by beneficial owners of the Fund for reinvestment of their dividend distributions. Beneficial owners should contact their broker to determine the availability and costs of the service and the details of participation therein. Brokers may require
beneficial owners to adhere to specific procedures and timetables. If this service is available and used, dividend distributions of both income and realized gains will be automatically reinvested in additional whole Shares of the Fund purchased in
the secondary market.
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Shareholder Guide
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BUYING AND SELLING SHARES |
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Shares of the Fund may be acquired or redeemed directly from the Fund at NAV only in Creation Units or
multiples thereof, as discussed in the Creations and Redemptions section of the Prospectus. Only an Authorized Participant (as defined in the Creations and Redemptions section below) may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with
the Fund. Once created, Shares of the Fund generally trade in the secondary market in amounts less than a Creation Unit.
Shares of the
Fund are listed for trading on a national securities exchange during the trading day. Shares can be bought and sold throughout the trading day at market price like Shares of other publicly traded companies. However, there can be no guarantee that an
active trading market will develop or be maintained, or that the Fund Shares listing will continue or remain unchanged. The Trust does not impose any minimum investment for Shares of the Fund purchased on an exchange. Buying or selling the
Fund’s Shares involves certain costs that apply to all securities transactions. When buying or selling Shares of the Fund through a financial intermediary, you may incur a brokerage commission or other charges determined by your financial
intermediary. Due to these brokerage costs, if any, frequent trading may detract significantly from investment returns. In addition, you may also incur the cost of the spread (the difference between the bid price and the ask price). The commission
is frequently a fixed amount and may be a significant cost for investors seeking to buy or sell small amounts of Shares. The spread varies over time for Shares of the Fund based on its trading volume and market liquidity, and is generally less if
the Fund has more trading volume and market liquidity and more if the Fund has less trading volume and market liquidity.
The
Fund’s primary listing exchange is Cboe. Cboe is open for trading Monday through Friday and is closed on the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth
National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
A “business day” with respect to
the Fund is each day the New York Stock Exchange, Cboe, and the Trust are open and includes any day that the Fund is required to be open under Section 22(e) of the Investment Company Act. Orders from Authorized Participants to create or redeem
Creation Units will only be accepted on a business day. On days when Cboe closes earlier than normal, the Fund may require orders to create or redeem Creation Units to be placed earlier in the day. See the SAI for more information.
The Trust’s Board of Trustees has not adopted a policy of monitoring for frequent purchases and redemptions of Fund Shares
(“frequent trading”) that appear to attempt to take advantage of potential arbitrage opportunities presented by a lag between a change in the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities after the close of the primary markets for the
Fund’s portfolio securities and the reflection of that change in the Fund’s NAV (“market timing”). The Trust believes this is appropriate because ETFs, such as the Fund, are intended to be attractive to arbitrageurs, as
trading activity is critical to ensuring that the market price of Fund Shares remains at or close to NAV. Since the Fund issues and redeems Creation Units at NAV plus applicable transaction fees, and the Fund’s Shares may be purchased and sold
on Cboe at prevailing market prices, the risks of frequent trading are limited.
Section 12(d)(1) of the Investment Company Act
restricts investments by registered investment companies and companies relying on Sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act in the securities of other investment companies. Registered investment companies are permitted to invest in
the Fund beyond the limits set forth in Section 12(d)(1), subject to certain terms and conditions, including that such investment companies enter into an agreement with the Trust.
The Fund and the Distributor will have the sole right to accept orders to purchase Shares and reserve the right to reject any purchase order in
whole or in part.
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PAYMENTS TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES |
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GSAM and/or the Distributor (upon direction of the Fund) may make payments to broker-dealers, registered
investment advisers or other financial intermediaries (each, a “Financial Intermediary”) related to activities that are designed to make registered representatives, other professionals and individual investors more knowledgeable about
the Fund or for other activities, such as participation in marketing activities and presentations, educational training programs, the support or purchase of technology platforms/ software and/or reporting systems. GSAM and/or the Distributor (upon
direction of the Fund) may also make payments to Financial Intermediaries for certain printing, publishing and mailing costs associated with the Fund or materials relating to ETFs in general and/or for the provision of analytical or other data to
GSAM or its affiliates relating to marketing of the Fund and/or sale of shares of the Fund and other Goldman Sachs Funds. In addition, GSAM and/or the Distributor may make payments to Financial
23
Intermediaries that
make Fund Shares available to their clients or for otherwise promoting the Fund, including through provision of consultative services to GSAM or its affiliates relating to marketing of the Fund and/or sale of Fund Shares. Such payments, which may be
significant to the Financial Intermediary, are not made by the Fund. Rather, such payments are made by GSAM and/or the Distributor from their own resources, which may come directly or indirectly in part from management fees paid by the Fund.
Payments of this type are sometimes referred to as marketing support or revenue-sharing payments. A Financial Intermediary may make decisions about which investment options it recommends or makes available, or the level of services provided, to its
customers based on the marketing support payments it is eligible to receive. Therefore, such payments to a Financial Intermediary create conflicts of interest between the Financial Intermediary and its customers and may cause the Financial
Intermediary to recommend the Fund over another investment. More information regarding these payments is contained in the SAI. A shareholder should contact his or her Financial Intermediary’s salesperson or other investment professional for
more information regarding any such payments the Financial Intermediary firm may receive from GSAM and/or the Distributor.
The Fund generally calculates its NAV as follows:
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(Value of Assets of the Fund) – (Liabilities of the Fund) |
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Number of Outstanding Shares of the Fund |
The Fund’s NAV per share is generally calculated by the Fund’s provider of administrative services
on each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) or such other times as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ market may officially close. The Fund’s investments for which
market quotations are readily available are valued at market value on the basis of quotations provided by pricing sources. If accurate quotations are not readily available, if the Fund’s provider of administrative services is unable for other
reasons to facilitate pricing of individual securities or calculate the Fund’s NAV, or if the Investment Adviser believes that such quotations do not accurately reflect fair value, the fair value of the Fund’s investments may be
determined in good faith under valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. Thus, such pricing may be based on subjective judgments and it is possible that the prices resulting from such valuation procedures may differ materially from the
value realized on a sale. Cases where there is no clear indication of the value of the Fund’s investments include, among others, situations where a security or other asset or liability does not have a price source or a price is unavailable.
Equity securities listed on an exchange are generally valued at the last available sale price on the exchange on which they are principally
traded.
Fixed income securities are generally valued on the basis of prices (including evaluated prices) and quotations provided by pricing
services or securities dealers. Pricing services may use matrix pricing or valuation models, which utilize certain inputs and assumptions, including, but not limited to, yield or price with respect to comparable fixed income securities, to determine
current value. Pricing services generally value fixed income securities assuming orderly transactions of an institutional round lot size, but the Fund may hold or transact in such securities in smaller odd lot sizes. Odd lots may trade at lower
prices than institutional round lots.
Investments in other open-end registered investment companies (if any), excluding investments in
ETFs, are valued based on the NAV of those open-end registered investment companies (which may use fair value pricing as discussed in their prospectuses). Investments in ETFs will generally be valued at the last sale price or official closing price
on the exchange on which they are principally traded.
In addition, the Investment Adviser, consistent with its procedures and applicable
regulatory guidance, may (but need not) determine to make an adjustment to the previous closing prices of securities in light of significant events, to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities at the time of determining the
Fund’s NAV. Significant events that could affect a large number of securities in a particular market may include, but are not limited to: situations relating to one or more single issuers in a market sector; significant fluctuations in U.S. or
foreign markets; market dislocations; market disruptions or unscheduled market closings; equipment failures; natural or man-made disasters or acts of God; armed conflicts; governmental actions or other developments; as well as the same or similar
events which may affect specific issuers or the securities markets even though not tied directly to the securities markets. Other significant events that could relate to a single issuer may include, but are not limited to: corporate actions such as
reorganizations, mergers and buy-outs; corporate announcements, including those relating to earnings, products and regulatory news; significant litigation; ratings downgrades; bankruptcies; and trading limits or suspensions.
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SHAREHOLDER GUIDE
Fair valuation involves the risk that the values used by the Fund to price its investments may be different from those used by other investment
companies and investors to price the same investments.
Foreign securities may trade in their local markets on days the Fund is closed. As a
result, if the Fund holds foreign securities, its NAV may be impacted on days when investors may not purchase or sell Fund Shares on the secondary market or purchase or redeem Creation Units through the Fund.
The Fund relies on various sources to calculate its NAV. The ability of the Fund’s provider of administrative services to calculate the
NAV per share of the Fund is subject to operational risks associated with processing or human errors, systems or technology failures, cyber attacks and errors caused by third party service providers, data sources, or trading counterparties. Such
failures may result in delays in the calculation of the Fund’s NAV and/or the inability to calculate NAV over extended time periods. The Fund may be unable to recover any losses associated with such failures. In addition, if the third party
service providers and/or data sources upon which the Fund directly or indirectly relies to calculate its NAV or price individual securities are unavailable or otherwise unable to calculate the NAV correctly, it may be necessary for alternative
procedures to be utilized to price the securities at the time of determining the Fund’s NAV.
DTC serves as securities depository for the Shares. (The Shares may be held only in book-entry form; stock
certificates will not be issued.) DTC, or its nominee, is the record or registered owner of all outstanding Shares. Beneficial ownership of Shares will be shown on the records of DTC or its participants (described below). Beneficial owners of Shares
are not entitled to have Shares registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of certificates in definitive form and are not considered the registered holder thereof. Accordingly, to exercise any rights of a
holder of Shares, each beneficial owner must rely on the procedures of (i) DTC; (ii) “DTC Participants,” i.e., securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and certain other organizations, some
of whom (and/or their representatives) own DTC; and (iii) “Indirect Participants,” i.e., brokers, dealers, banks and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or
indirectly, through which such beneficial owner holds its interests. The Trust understands that under existing industry practice, in the event the Trust requests any action of holders of Shares, or a beneficial owner desires to take any action that
DTC, as the record owner of all outstanding Shares, is entitled to take, DTC would authorize the DTC Participants to take such action and that the DTC Participants would authorize the Indirect Participants and beneficial owners acting through such
DTC Participants to take such action and would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners owning through them. As described above, the Trust recognizes DTC or its nominee as the owner of all Shares for all purposes.
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CREATIONS AND REDEMPTIONS |
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Prior to trading in the secondary market, Shares of the Fund are “created” at NAV by market makers,
large investors and institutions only in block-size Creation Units or multiples thereof. Each “creator” or “Authorized Participant” enters into an authorized participant agreement with the Fund’s Distributor.
A creation transaction, which is subject to acceptance by BNY, as the Trust’s transfer agent, generally takes place when an Authorized
Participant deposits into the Fund a designated portfolio of securities (including any portion of such securities for which cash may be substituted) and a specified amount of cash in exchange for a specified number of Creation Units.
Similarly, Shares can be redeemed only in Creation Units, generally for a designated portfolio of securities (including any portion of such
securities for which cash may be substituted) held by the Fund and a specified amount of cash. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, Shares are not redeemable by the Fund.
The prices at which creations and redemptions occur are based on the next calculation of NAV after a creation or redemption order is received in
an acceptable form under the authorized participant agreement.
Please note the following with respect to the price at which transactions
are processed:
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NAV per Share is generally calculated by the Fund’s fund accounting agent on each business day as of the
close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) or such other times as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ market may officially close. Fund Shares will generally not be priced on any day the New York
Stock Exchange is closed. |
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is subsequently adjusted, and to recover amounts from (or distribute amounts to) Authorized Participants accordingly based on the official closing NAV, as adjusted. |
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The Trust reserves the right to advance the time by which creation and redemption orders must be received for same
business day credit as otherwise permitted by the SEC. |
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Consistent with industry practice, investment transactions not settling on the same day are recorded and factored
into the Fund’s NAV on the business day following trade date (T+1). The use of T+1 accounting generally does not, but may, result in a NAV that differs materially from the NAV that would result if all transactions were reflected on their trade
dates. |
Note: The time at which transactions and Shares are priced and the time by which orders must be received may
be changed in case of an emergency or if regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange is stopped at a time other than its regularly scheduled closing time. In the event the New York Stock Exchange does not open for business, the Trust may, but is
not required to, open the Fund for creation and redemption transactions if the Federal Reserve wire payment system is open. To learn whether the Fund is open for business during this situation, please call the appropriate phone number located on the
back cover of the Prospectus.
Only an Authorized Participant may create or redeem Creation Units directly with the Fund.
In the event of a system failure or other interruption, including disruptions at market makers or Authorized Participants, orders to purchase or
redeem Creation Units either may not be executed according to the Fund’s instructions or may not be executed at all, or the Fund may not be able to place or change orders.
To the extent the Fund engages in in-kind transactions, the Fund intends to comply with the U.S. federal securities laws in accepting securities
for deposit and satisfying redemptions with redemption securities by, among other means, assuring that any securities accepted for deposit and any securities used to satisfy redemption requests will be sold in transactions that would be exempt from
registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Further, an Authorized Participant that is not a “qualified institutional buyer,” as such term is defined under Rule 144A of the Securities
Act, will not be able to receive restricted securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A.
Creations and redemptions must be made through
a firm that is either a member of the Continuous Net Settlement System of the National Securities Clearing Corporation or a DTC Participant and has executed an agreement with the Distributor with respect to creations and redemptions of Creation Unit
aggregations. Information about the procedures regarding creation and redemption of Creation Units (including the cut-off times for receipt of creation and redemption orders) and the applicable transaction fees is included in the Fund’s SAI.
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Taxation [To be Updated]
As with any investment, you should consider how your investment in the
Fund will be taxed. The tax information below is provided as general information. More tax information is available in the SAI. You should consult your tax adviser about the federal, state, local or foreign tax consequences of your investment in the
Fund. Except as otherwise noted, the tax information provided assumes that you are a U.S. citizen or resident.
Unless your investment is
through an IRA or other tax-advantaged account, you should carefully consider the possible tax consequences of Fund distributions and the sale of your Fund shares.
The Fund contemplates declaring as dividends each year all or substantially all of its taxable income.
Distributions you receive from the Fund are generally subject to federal income tax, and may also be subject to state or local taxes. This is true whether you reinvest your distributions in additional Fund Shares or receive them in cash. For federal
tax purposes, the Fund’s distributions attributable to net investment income and short-term capital gains are taxable to you as ordinary income while distributions of long-term capital gains are taxable to you as long-term capital gains, no
matter how long you have owned your Fund Shares.
Under current provisions of the Code, the maximum individual rate applicable to long-term
capital gains is generally either 15% or 20%, depending on whether the individual’s income exceeds certain threshold amounts. Fund distributions to non-corporate shareholders attributable to dividends received by the Fund from U.S. and certain
qualified foreign corporations will generally be taxed at the long-term capital gain rate, as long as certain other requirements are met. For these lower rates to apply, the noncorporate shareholder must own their Fund Shares for at least 61 days
during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the Fund’s ex-dividend date. The amount of the Fund’s distributions that would otherwise qualify for this favorable tax treatment will be reduced as a result of the Fund’s
securities lending activities or high portfolio turnover rate.
A percentage of the Fund’s dividends paid to corporate shareholders
may be eligible for the corporate dividends-received deduction. This percentage may, however, be reduced as a result of the Fund’s securities lending activities or high portfolio turnover rate. The character and tax status of all distributions
will be available to shareholders after the close of each calendar year.
Distributions in excess of the Fund’s current and
accumulated earnings and profits are treated as a tax-free return of your investment to the extent of your basis in the Shares, and generally as capital gain thereafter. A return of capital, which for tax purposes is treated as a return of your
investment, reduces your basis in shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition of Shares. A distribution will reduce the Fund’s NAV per share and may be taxable to you as ordinary income or capital
gain even though, from an economic standpoint, the distribution may constitute a return of capital.
An additional 3.8% Medicare tax is
imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from the Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Fund Shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts to the
extent that such person’s “modified adjusted gross income” (in the case of an individual) or “adjusted gross income” (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds certain threshold amounts.
The Fund’s transactions in derivatives (such as futures contracts and swaps) will be subject to special tax rules, the effect of which may
be to accelerate income to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Fund’s securities and convert short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the
amount, timing and character of distributions to you. The Fund’s use of derivatives may result in the Fund realizing more short-term capital gains and ordinary income subject to tax at ordinary income tax rates than it would if it did not use
derivatives.
Although distributions are generally treated as taxable to you in the year they are paid, distributions declared in October,
November or December but paid in January are taxable as if they were paid in December.
The Fund may be subject to foreign withholding
or other foreign taxes on income or gain from certain foreign securities. In general, the Fund may deduct these taxes in computing its taxable income. Rather than deducting these foreign taxes, the Fund may make an election to treat a proportionate
amount of those taxes as constituting a distribution to each shareholder, which would generally allow you either (i) to credit (subject to certain holding period and other limitations) that proportionate amount of taxes against your U.S.
Federal income tax liability as a foreign tax credit or (ii) to take that amount as an itemized deduction.
If you buy Shares of
the Fund before it makes a distribution, the distribution will be taxable to you even though it may actually be a return of a portion of your investment. This is known as “buying into a dividend.”
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TAXES ON CREATIONS AND REDEMPTIONS OF CREATION UNITS |
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A person who exchanges securities for Creation Units generally will recognize a gain or loss. The gain or loss
will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units at the time of exchange and the sum of the exchanger’s aggregate basis in the securities surrendered and the amount of any cash paid for such Creation Units. A
person who exchanges Creation Units for securities will generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the exchanger’s basis in the Creation Units and the sum of the aggregate market value of the securities received. The
Internal Revenue Service, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of primarily securities for Creation Units cannot be deducted currently under the rules governing “wash sales,” or on the basis that there has been no
significant change in economic position. Persons exchanging securities for Creation Units or redeeming Creation Units should consult their own tax adviser with respect to whether wash sale rules apply and when a loss might be deductible and the tax
treatment of any creation or redemption transaction.
Under current U.S. federal income tax laws, any capital gain or loss realized upon a
redemption (or creation) of Creation Units is generally treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the Shares (or securities surrendered) have been held for more than one year and as a short-term capital gain or loss if the Shares (or securities
surrendered) have been held for one year or less.
Your sale of Fund Shares is a taxable transaction for federal income tax purposes, and may also be subject to
state and local taxes. When you sell your Shares, you will generally recognize a capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between your adjusted tax basis in the Shares and the amount received. Generally, this capital gain or loss is
long-term or short-term depending on whether your holding period exceeds one year, except that any loss realized on Shares held for six months or less will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any long-term capital gain dividends
that were received on the Shares. Additionally, any loss realized on a sale, exchange or redemption of Shares of the Fund may be disallowed under “wash sale” rules to the extent the Shares disposed of are replaced with other Shares of
that Fund within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date of disposition (such as pursuant to a dividend reinvestment in Shares of the Fund). If disallowed, the loss will be reflected in an adjustment to the
basis of the Shares acquired.
You may be subject to backup withholding at a rate of 24% with respect to taxable distributions if you do not
provide your correct taxpayer identification number, or certify that it is correct, or if you have been notified by the IRS that you are subject to backup withholding.
Non-U.S. investors are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax and may be subject to estate tax with respect to their Fund Shares. However,
withholding is generally not required on properly reported distributions to non-U.S. investors of long-term capital gains. Non-U.S. investors generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on certain distributions of interest
income and/or short-term capital gains that are reported by the Fund. It is expected that the Fund will generally report short-term gains, to the extent permitted, but the Fund does not intend to report any distributions attributable to interest
income. Therefore, all distributions of interest income will be subject to withholding when paid to non-U.S. investors.
Withholding of U.S.
tax (at a 30% rate) is required with respect to payments of taxable dividends made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department
of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to enable the applicable withholding agent to determine whether withholding is required.
Reporting to you and the IRS is required annually on Form 1099-B not only with respect to the gross proceeds of Fund Shares you sell or redeem
but also their cost basis. Shareholders should contact their intermediaries with respect to reporting of cost basis and available elections with respect to their accounts. You should carefully review the cost basis information provided by the
applicable intermediary and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on your federal income tax returns.
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Index Provider
The Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity Index was developed and is maintained by the Index Provider, an affiliate of the Fund, and calculated by the Calculation Agent. For the Index, the Index Provider determines the
composition and relative weightings of the securities in the Index. For the Index, the Calculation Agent publishes information regarding the market value of the Index. The Fund may hire an affiliate of the Fund and/or the Investment Adviser to serve
as calculation agent. The Index Provider and Calculation Agent determine the composition and relative weightings of the securities in the Index. The index provider for a Reference Index may delay or change a scheduled rebalancing or reconstitution
of the Reference Index or the implementation of certain rules at its sole discretion. In such circumstances, the scheduled rebalancing or reconstitution of the Index may likewise be delayed or changed.
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Other Information
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PREMIUM/DISCOUNT INFORMATION |
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Information regarding how often Shares of the Fund traded on Cboe at a premium or discount during the most
recently completed calendar year and the most recently completed calendar quarter(s) since that year (or the life of the Fund, if shorter) can be found at am.gs.com.
The method by which Creation Units are created and traded may raise certain issues under applicable securities
laws. Because new Creation Units are issued and sold by the Trust on an ongoing basis, a “distribution,” as such term is used in the Securities Act, may occur at any point. Broker dealers and other persons are cautioned that some
activities on their part may, depending on the circumstances, result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner which could render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the prospectus delivery and liability provisions
of the Securities Act.
For example, a broker dealer firm or its client may be deemed a statutory underwriter if it takes Creation Units
after placing an order with the Distributor, breaks them down into constituent Shares, and sells such Shares directly to customers, or if it chooses to couple the creation of a supply of new Shares with an active selling effort involving
solicitation of secondary market demand for Shares. A determination of whether one is an underwriter for purposes of the Securities Act must take into account all the facts and circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker dealer or its
client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that could lead to a categorization as an underwriter.
Broker dealers who are not “underwriters” but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted to ordinary secondary trading
transactions), and thus dealing with Shares that are part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(C) of the Securities Act, would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by
Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act. This is because the prospectus delivery exemption in Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act is not available in respect of such transactions as a result of Section 24(d) of the Investment Company
Act. As a result, broker dealer firms should note that dealers who are not underwriters but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted with ordinary secondary market transactions) and thus dealing with the Shares that are part of an
overallotment within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(A) of the Securities Act would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act. Firms that incur a prospectus delivery
obligation with respect to Shares are reminded that, under Rule 153 of the Securities Act, a prospectus delivery obligation under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act owed to an exchange member in connection with a sale on Cboe is satisfied by
the fact that the prospectus is available at Cboe upon request. The prospectus delivery mechanism provided in Rule 153 is only available with respect to transactions on an exchange.
In addition, certain affiliates of the Fund and the Investment Adviser may purchase and resell Fund Shares pursuant to the Prospectus.
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DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE PLAN |
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The Board of Trustees of the Trust has adopted a distribution and service plan (“Plan”) pursuant
to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act. Under the Plan, the Fund is authorized to pay distribution fees in connection with the sale and distribution of its Shares and pay service fees in connection with the provision of ongoing services to
shareholders of the Fund and the maintenance of shareholder accounts in an amount up to [0.25]% of its average daily net assets each year.
No Rule 12b-1 fees are currently paid by the Fund, and there are no current plans to impose these fees. However, in the event Rule 12b-1 fees
are charged in the future, because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an ongoing basis, these fees will increase the cost of your investment in the Fund. By purchasing Shares subject to distribution fees and service fees, you may
pay more over time than you would by purchasing Shares with other types of sales charge arrangements. Long-term shareholders may pay more than the economic equivalent of the maximum front-end sales charge permitted by the rules of FINRA. The net
income attributable to Shares will be reduced by the amount of distribution fees and service fees and other expenses of the Fund.
30
Appendix A
Additional Information on Portfolio Risks, Securities and Techniques
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A. General Portfolio Risks |
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The Fund is subject to the risks associated with equity investments. “Equity investments” may
include common stocks, preferred stocks, interests in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), convertible debt obligations, convertible preferred stocks, equity interests in trusts, partnerships, joint ventures, limited liability
companies and similar enterprises, other investment companies (including ETFs), warrants, stock purchase rights and synthetic and derivative instruments (such as swaps and futures contracts) that have economic characteristics similar to equity
securities. In general, the values of equity investments fluctuate in response to the activities of individual companies and in response to general market and economic conditions. Accordingly, the values of the equity investments that the Fund holds
may decline over short or extended periods. The stock markets tend to be cyclical, with periods when stock prices generally rise and periods when prices generally decline. This volatility means that the value of your investment in the Fund may
increase or decrease. In recent years, certain stock markets have experienced substantial price volatility. To the extent the Fund’s net assets decrease or increase in the future due to price volatility or share redemption or purchase
activity, the Fund’s expense ratio may correspondingly increase or decrease from the expense ratio disclosed in the Prospectus.
To
the extent the Fund invests in pooled investment vehicles (including investment companies and ETFs) and partnerships, that Fund will be affected by the investment policies, practices and performances of such entities in direct proportion to the
amount of assets the Fund invests therein.
The following sections provide further information on certain types of securities and investment
techniques that may be used by the Fund, including their associated risks. Additional information is provided in the SAI, which is available upon request. Among other things, the SAI describes certain fundamental investment restrictions that cannot
be changed without shareholder approval. You should note, however, that all investment objectives, and all investment policies not specifically designated as fundamental are non-fundamental and may be changed without shareholder approval. If there
is a change in the Fund’s investment objective, you should consider whether that Fund remains an appropriate investment in light of your then current financial position and needs.
Risks of Investing in Mid-Capitalization and Small-Capitalization Companies. The Fund
may, to the extent consistent with its investment policies, invest in mid- and small-capitalization companies. Investments in mid- and small-capitalization companies involve greater risk and portfolio price volatility than investments in larger
capitalization stocks. Among the reasons for the greater price volatility of these investments are the less certain growth prospects of smaller firms and the lower degree of liquidity in the markets for such securities. Mid- and small-
capitalization companies may be thinly traded and may have to be sold at a discount from current market prices or in small lots over an extended period of time. In addition, these securities are subject to the risk that during certain periods the
liquidity of particular issuers or industries, or all securities in particular investment categories, will shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse economic or market conditions, or adverse investor perceptions whether
or not accurate. Because of the lack of sufficient market liquidity, the Fund may incur losses because it will be required to effect sales at a disadvantageous time and only then at a substantial drop in price. Mid- and small-capitalization
companies include “unseasoned” issuers that do not have an established financial history; often have limited product lines, markets or financial resources; may depend on or use a few key personnel for management; and may be susceptible
to losses and risks of bankruptcy. Mid- and small-capitalization companies may be operating at a loss or have significant variations in operating results; may be engaged in a rapidly changing business with products subject to a substantial risk of
obsolescence; may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, to finance expansion or to maintain their competitive position; and may have substantial borrowings or may otherwise have a weak financial condition. In addition,
these companies may face intense competition, including competition from companies with greater financial resources, more extensive development, manufacturing, marketing, and other capabilities, and a larger number of qualified managerial and
technical personnel. Transaction costs for these investments are often higher than those of larger capitalization companies. Investments in mid- and small-capitalization companies may be more difficult to price precisely than other types of
securities because of their characteristics and lower trading volumes.
31
Risks of
Foreign Investments. The Fund will make foreign investments. Foreign investments involve special risks that are not typically associated with U.S. dollar denominated or quoted securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign investments may be
affected by changes in currency rates, changes in foreign or U.S. laws or restrictions applicable to such investments and changes in exchange control regulations (e.g., currency blockage). A decline in the exchange rate of the currency
(i.e., weakening of the currency against the U.S. dollar) in which a portfolio security is quoted or denominated relative to the U.S. dollar would reduce the value of the portfolio security. In addition, if the currency in which the Fund
receives dividends, interest or other payments declines in value against the U.S. dollar before such income is distributed as dividends to shareholders or converted to U.S. dollars, the Fund may have to sell portfolio securities to obtain sufficient
cash to pay such dividends.
Certain foreign markets may rely heavily on particular industries or foreign capital and are more vulnerable to
diplomatic developments, the imposition of economic sanctions against a particular country or countries, organizations, entities and/or individuals, changes in international trading patterns, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory
measures. International trade barriers or economic sanctions against foreign countries, organizations, entities and/or individuals may adversely affect the Fund’s foreign holdings or exposures. The type and severity of sanctions and other
similar measures, including counter sanctions and other retaliatory actions, that may be imposed could vary broadly in scope, and their impact is impossible to predict. These types of measures may include, but are not limited to, banning a
sanctioned country from global payment systems that facilitate cross-border payments, restricting the settlement of securities transactions by certain investors, and freezing the assets of particular countries, entities, or persons. The imposition
of sanctions and other similar measures could, among other things, cause a decline in the value and/or liquidity of securities issued by the sanctioned country or companies located in or economically tied to the sanctioned country, downgrades in the
credit ratings of the sanctioned country or companies located in or economically tied to the sanctioned country, devaluation of the sanctioned country’s currency, and increased market volatility and disruption in the sanctioned country and
throughout the world. Sanctions and other similar measures could limit or prevent the Fund from buying and selling securities (in the sanctioned country and other markets), significantly delay or prevent the settlement of securities transactions,
and significantly impact the Fund’s liquidity and performance.
Brokerage commissions, custodial services and other costs
relating to investment in international securities markets generally are more expensive than in the United States. In addition, clearance and settlement procedures may be different in foreign countries and, in certain markets, such procedures have
been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, thus making it difficult to conduct such transactions.
Foreign issuers
are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards comparable to those applicable to U.S. issuers. There may be less publicly available information about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer. In
addition, there is generally less government regulation of foreign markets, companies and securities dealers than in the United States, and the legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States.
Foreign securities markets may have substantially less volume than U.S. securities markets and securities of many foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. Furthermore, with respect to certain
foreign countries, there is a possibility of nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding or other taxes on dividend or interest payments (or, in some cases, capital gains distributions), limitations on the
removal of funds or other assets from such countries, and risks of political or social instability or diplomatic developments which could adversely affect investments in those countries.
Certain foreign investments may become less liquid in response to social, political or market developments or adverse investor perceptions, or
become illiquid after purchase by the Fund, particularly during periods of market turmoil. Certain foreign investments may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers and sellers or when dealers are unwilling to make
a market for certain securities. When the Fund holds illiquid investments, its portfolio may be harder to value, especially in changing markets.
Concentration of the Fund’s assets in one or a few countries and currencies will subject the Fund to greater risks than if the
Fund’s assets were not geographically concentrated.
Investments in foreign securities may take the form of sponsored and ADRs,
GDRs, European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) or other similar instruments representing securities of foreign issuers. ADRs, GDRs and EDRs represent the right to receive securities of foreign issuers deposited in a bank or other
depository. ADRs and certain GDRs are traded in the United States. GDRs may be traded in either the United States or in foreign markets. EDRs are traded primarily outside the United States. Prices of ADRs are quoted in U.S. dollars. EDRs and GDRs
are not necessarily quoted in the same currency as the underlying security.
32
APPENDIX A
Foreign Custody Risk. The Fund may hold foreign securities and cash with Foreign Custodians. Some Foreign Custodians may be
recently organized or new to the foreign custody business. In some countries, Foreign Custodians may be subject to little or no regulatory oversight over or independent evaluation of their operations. Further, the laws of certain countries may place
limitations on the Fund’s ability to recover assets if a Foreign Custodian enters bankruptcy. Investments in emerging market countries may be subject to even greater custody risks than investments in more developed markets. Custody services in
emerging market countries are very often undeveloped and may be considerably less well regulated than in more developed countries, and thus may not afford the same level of investor protection as would apply in developed countries.
Geographic Risk. If the Fund focuses its investments in securities of issuers located in a particular country or geographic
region, the Fund may be subjected to a greater extent than if investments were less focused, to the risks of volatile economic cycles and/or conditions and developments that may be particular to that country or region, such as: adverse securities
markets; adverse exchange rates; adverse social, political, regulatory, economic, business, environmental or other developments; or natural disasters.
Risks of Derivative Investments. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, including without limitation, options,
futures, options on futures, forwards, participation notes, swaps, options on swaps, structured securities and other derivatives relating to foreign currency transactions. Losses from derivative instruments can result from a lack of correlation
between changes in the value of derivative instruments and the portfolio assets (if any) being hedged, the potential illiquidity of the markets for derivative instruments, the failure of the counterparty to perform its contractual obligations, or
the risks related to leverage factors associated with such transactions. Derivatives are also subject to risks arising from margin requirements, which include the risk that the Fund will be required to pay additional margin or set aside additional
collateral to maintain open derivative positions and the risk of loss by the Fund of margin deposits in the event of the bankruptcy or other similar insolvency with respect to a broker or counterparty with whom the Fund has an open derivative
position. Losses may also arise if the Fund receives cash collateral under the transactions and some or all of that collateral is invested in the market. To the extent that cash collateral is so invested, such collateral will be subject to market
depreciation or appreciation, and the Fund may be responsible for any loss that might result from its investment of the counterparty’s cash collateral. If cash collateral is not invested, the Fund may be exposed to additional risk of loss in
the event of the insolvency of its custodian holding such collateral. The use of these management techniques also involves the risk of loss if the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of the timing or level of fluctuations in
securities prices, interest rates, currency prices or other variables. Derivative instruments may be harder to value, subject to greater volatility and more likely subject to changes in tax treatment than other investments.
Risks of Illiquid Investments. The Fund may not acquire any “illiquid investment” if, immediately after the
acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. An “illiquid investment” is any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current
market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. In determining whether an investment is an illiquid investment, the Investment Adviser will take into account
actual or estimated daily transaction volume of an investment, group of related investments or asset class and other relevant market, trading, and investment-specific considerations. In addition, in determining the liquidity of an investment, the
Investment Adviser must determine whether trading varying portions of a position in a particular portfolio investment or asset class, in sizes that the Fund would reasonably anticipate trading, is reasonably expected to significantly affect its
liquidity, and if so, the Fund must take this determination into account when classifying the liquidity of that investment or asset class.
Investments purchased by the Fund that are liquid at the time of purchase may subsequently become illiquid. If one or more investments in the
Fund’s portfolio become illiquid, the Fund may exceed the 15 percent limitation in illiquid investments. In the event that changes in the portfolio or other external events cause the Fund to exceed this limit, the Fund must take steps to bring
its illiquid investments that are assets to or below 15% of its net assets within a reasonable period of time. This requirement would not force the Fund to liquidate any portfolio instrument where the Fund would suffer a loss on the sale of that
instrument.
In cases where no clear indication of the value of the Fund’s portfolio instruments is available, the portfolio
instruments will be valued at their fair value according to the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. These cases include, among others, situations where a security or other asset or liability does not have a price source, or the
secondary markets on which an investment has previously been traded are no longer viable, due to its lack of liquidity. For more information on fair valuation, please see “Shareholder Guide—Net Asset Value.”
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C. Portfolio Securities and Techniques |
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This section provides further information on certain types of securities and investment techniques that may
be used by the Fund, including their associated risks.
33
The Fund may
purchase other types of securities or instruments similar to those described in this section if otherwise consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies. Further information is provided in the SAI, which is available upon
request.
Other Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs
and money market funds, subject to statutory limitations prescribed by the Investment Company Act or rules, regulations or exemptive relief thereunder. These statutory limitations include in certain circumstances a prohibition on any Fund acquiring
more than 3% of the voting Shares of any other investment company, and a prohibition on investing more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets in securities of any one investment company or more than 10% of total assets in securities of all
investment companies.
Subject to applicable law and/or pursuant to an exemptive order obtained from the SEC or under an exemptive rule
adopted by the SEC, the Fund may invest in certain other investment companies (including ETFs and money market funds) and business development companies beyond the statutory limits described above or otherwise provided that certain conditions are
met. Some of those investment companies may be funds for which the Investment Adviser or any of their affiliates serves as investment adviser, administrator or distributor.
Additionally, to the extent that any Fund serves as an “acquired fund” to another Goldman Sachs Fund or unaffiliated investment
company, the Fund’s ability to invest in other investment companies and private funds may be limited and, under these circumstances, the Fund’s investments in other investment companies and private funds will be consistent with
applicable law and/or exemptive rules adopted by or exemptive orders obtained from the SEC. For example, to the extent the Fund serves as an acquired fund in a fund of funds arrangement in reliance on Rule 12d1-4 under the Investment Company Act,
the Fund would be prohibited from purchasing or otherwise acquiring the securities of an investment company or private fund if, after such purchase or acquisition, the aggregate value of the Fund’s investments in such investment companies and
private funds would exceed 10% of the value of the Fund’s total assets, subject to limited exceptions (including for investments in money market funds).
The Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other expenses paid by such other investment companies, in
addition to the fees and expenses regularly borne by the Fund. Although the Fund does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future, the Fund is authorized to invest substantially all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series
thereof that has substantially the same investment objective, policies and fundamental restrictions as the Fund.
Preferred Stock,
Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights. The Fund may invest in preferred stock, warrants and stock purchase rights (or “rights”). Preferred stocks are securities that represent an ownership interest providing the holder with
claims on the issuer’s earnings and assets before common stock owners but after bond owners. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be
accelerated by the holders of such preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default or other non-compliance by the issuer of the preferred stock.
Warrants and other rights are options to buy a stated number of shares of common stock at a specified price at any time during the life of the
warrant or right. The holders of warrants and rights have no voting rights, receive no dividends and have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer.
Lending of Portfolio Securities. The Fund may engage in securities lending. Securities lending involves the lending of
securities owned by the Fund to financial institutions such as certain broker-dealers. The borrowers are required to secure their loans continuously with cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or letters of credit in an amount at least
equal to the market value of the securities loaned. Cash collateral may be invested by the Fund in short-term investments, including registered and unregistered investment pools managed by the Investment Adviser or its affiliates and from which the
Investment Adviser or its affiliates may receive fees. To the extent that cash collateral is so invested, such collateral will be subject to market depreciation or appreciation, and the Fund will be responsible for any loss that might result from
its investment of the borrowers’ collateral. If the Investment Adviser determines to make securities loans, the value of the securities loaned may not exceed 33 1/3% of the value of the total assets of the Fund (including the loan collateral).
Loan collateral (including any investment of that collateral) is not subject to the percentage limitations regarding the Fund’s investments described elsewhere in this Prospectus. The Fund may lend its securities to increase its income. The
Fund may, however, experience delay in the recovery of its securities or incur a loss if the institution with which it has engaged in a portfolio loan transaction breaches its agreement with the Fund or its agent, or becomes insolvent.
Repurchase Agreements. Repurchase agreements involve the purchase of securities subject to the seller’s agreement to
repurchase them at a mutually agreed upon date and price. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with counterparties that furnish collateral at least equal in value or market price to the amount of their repurchase obligations. The collateral
may consist of any type of security in which the Fund is eligible to invest directly. Repurchase agreements involving obligations other than U.S. government securities may be subject to additional risks.
34
APPENDIX A
If the other party or “seller” defaults, the Fund might suffer a loss to the extent that the proceeds from the sale of the
underlying securities and other collateral held by the Fund are less than the repurchase price and the Fund’s costs associated with delay and enforcement of the repurchase agreement. In addition, in the event of bankruptcy of the seller, the
Fund could suffer additional losses if a court determines that the Fund’s interest in the collateral is not enforceable.
The Fund,
together with other registered investment companies having advisory agreements with the Investment Adviser or any of its affiliates, may transfer uninvested cash balances into a single joint account, the daily aggregate balance of which will be
invested in one or more repurchase agreements.
Borrowings and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The Fund can borrow money
from banks and other financial institutions, in amounts not exceeding one-third of the Fund’s total assets (including the amount borrowed). The Fund also may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. The Fund generally may not make additional
investments if borrowings exceed 5% of its net assets.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve the sale of securities held by the Fund
subject to the Fund’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed upon date and price (including interest). These transactions may be entered into as a temporary measure for emergency purposes or to meet redemption requests. Reverse
repurchase agreements may also be entered into when the Investment Adviser expects that the interest income to be earned from the investment of the transaction proceeds will be greater than the related interest expense.
Borrowings and reverse repurchase agreements involve leveraging. If the securities held by the Fund decline in value while these transactions
are outstanding, the NAV of the Fund’s outstanding Shares will decline in value by proportionately more than the decline in value of the securities. In addition, reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the investment return earned
by the Fund (from the investment of the proceeds) will be less than the interest expense of the transaction, that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund will decline below the price the Fund is obligated to pay to repurchase the
securities, and that the securities may not be returned to the Fund.
35
Appendix B
Financial Highlights
The financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five years (or less if
the Fund has been in operation for less than five years). Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund Share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the
Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information has been audited by [ ], whose report, along with the Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Fund’s Form N-CSR dated August 31, 2025.
[Financial Highlights to be filed in subsequent amendment].
36
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF Prospectus
Annual/Semi-Annual Report
Additional information about the Fund’s investments is or will be available in the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports to
shareholders and in Form N-CSR. In the Fund’s annual report you will find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the Fund’s performance during the last fiscal year. In Form N-CSR, you
will find the Fund’s annual and semi-annual financial statements.
Statement of Additional Information
Additional information about the Fund and its policies is also available in the Fund’s SAI. The SAI is incorporated by reference into the
Prospectus (i.e., is legally considered part of the Prospectus).
The Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports to
shareholders, SAI and other information such as the Fund’s financial statements are available free upon request by calling Goldman Sachs Funds at 1-800-621-2550. You can also access and download the annual and semi-annual reports, the SAI and
other information such as the Fund’s financial statements, free of charge, at the Fund’s website: dfinview.com/GoldmanSachs.
From time to time, certain announcements and other information regarding the Fund may be found at am.gs.com for individual investors and
advisers.
To request other information and for shareholder inquiries:
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Shareholders/Authorized Participants |
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Financial Advisors |
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1-800-621-2550 |
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1-800-292-4726 |
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Goldman Sachs Funds 71 South Wacker Drive,
Suite 1200 Chicago, IL 60606 |
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SEC EDGAR database – http://www.sec.gov |
Other information about the Fund is available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at
http://www.sec.gov. You may obtain copies of this information, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
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The Trust’s investment company registration number is 811-23013.
GSAM® is a registered service mark of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC. |
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PART B
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
DATED DECEMBER 29, 2025
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PRINCIPAL U.S. LISTING
EXCHANGE |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY ETF |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® EUROPE EQUITY ETF |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® INTERNATIONAL EQUITY ETF |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® JAPAN EQUITY ETF |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® U.S. LARGE CAP EQUITY ETF |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® U.S. SMALL CAP EQUITY ETF |
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GOLDMAN SACHS ACTIVEBETA® WORLD EQUITY ETF |
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(Portfolios of Goldman Sachs ETF Trust)
Goldman Sachs ETF Trust
200 West Street
New York, New York 10282
This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”)
is not a prospectus. This SAI should be read in conjunction with the prospectus for the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF (formerly, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Low Vol Plus Equity ETF) (the “Funds”), dated December 29, 2025, as it may be further
amended and/or supplemented from time to time (the “Prospectus”). The Prospectus may be obtained without charge from Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC by calling
1-800-621-2550 or writing to Goldman Sachs Funds, 71 South Wacker Drive, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60606.
The audited financial statements and related report of [ ], independent registered public accounting firm for each Fund, contained in the Funds’ Form N-CSR for the most recent fiscal year end, are incorporated herein by reference in the section “FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.” No other portions of the Funds’ Form N-CSR are incorporated by reference herein. The Funds' financial information may be obtained upon request and without charge by calling Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC toll free at 1-800-621-2550.
GSAM® is a registered service mark of Goldman Sachs & Co.
LLC.
GOLDMAN SACHS ASSET
MANAGEMENT, L.P.
Investment Adviser
200 West Street
New York, New York 10282
THE BANK OF NEW YORK
Transfer Agent
240 Greenwich Street
New York, New York 10286
ALPS DISTRIBUTORS, INC.
Distributor
1290 Broadway, Suite 1000
Denver, Colorado 80203
Toll-free (in U.S.) 1-800-621-2550 (for Shareholders/Authorized Participants) or 1-800-292-4726 (for Financial Advisors).
INTRODUCTION
Goldman Sachs ETF Trust (the “Trust”) is an open-end management investment company. The Trust is organized as a Delaware statutory trust and was established by an Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated December 16, 2009. The following series of the Trust are described in this SAI: Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF. Each Fund is passively-managed and seeks to track a specified index:
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity Index, respectively (each, an “Index” and collectively, the
“Indexes”).
The Trustees of the Trust have authority under the Declaration of Trust to create and classify Shares of the Trust into separate series. Pursuant thereto, the Trustees have created the Funds and other series. Additional series may be added in the future from time to time. See “SHARES OF THE TRUST.”
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (“GSAM” or the
“Investment Adviser”), an affiliate of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (“Goldman Sachs”), serves as the Investment Adviser to the Funds. In addition,
ALPS Distributors, Inc. (“ALPS” or the “Distributor”) serves as the Funds’ distributor, and The Bank of New York (“BNY” or the
“Transfer Agent”) serves as the Funds’ transfer agent. The Funds’ custodian is BNY, which also provides administrative services to the
Funds.
The following information relates to and supplements the description of each Fund’s investment policies contained in the Prospectus. See the Prospectus for a more complete description of the Funds’ investment objectives and policies. Investing in a Fund entails certain risks, and there is no assurance that a Fund will achieve its investment objective. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the same meaning as in the Prospectus.
EXCHANGE LISTING AND
TRADING
A discussion of exchange listing and trading matters associated with an investment in the Funds is contained in the “Shareholder Guide” section of the Prospectus. The discussion below supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, such section of the Prospectus.
The Shares of the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF are listed and traded on the NYSE Arca, Inc. (“NYSE Arca”) and Shares of the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF are listed and traded on the Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc. (“Cboe”) (each, an “Exchange” and together, the “Exchanges”). The Shares trade on the Exchanges at prices that may differ from their net asset value (“NAV”). There can be no assurance that the Funds will continue to meet the requirements of an Exchange necessary to maintain the listing of Shares.
An Exchange may, but is not required to, remove the Shares of a
Fund from listing if: (1) following the initial twelve-month period beginning upon the commencement of trading of the Funds, there are fewer than 50 beneficial holders of
the Shares; (2) the Exchange becomes aware that the Fund is no longer eligible to operate in reliance on Rule 6c-11 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”); (3) the Fund no longer complies with certain listing exchange rules; or (4) such other event shall occur or condition exists that, in the opinion of such Exchange, makes further dealings on such Exchange inadvisable. In addition, an Exchange will remove the Shares of a Fund from listing and trading upon termination of the Trust or the Fund.
As in the case of other publicly traded securities, when you buy or sell shares through a broker, you will incur a brokerage commission determined by that broker.
In order to provide additional information regarding the
indicative value of Shares of a Fund, an Exchange or a market data vendor may disseminate through the facilities of the Consolidated Tape Association, or through other
widely disseminated means, an “intra-day indicative value” (“IIV”) for a Fund as calculated by an information provider or market data vendor. The
Trust, GSAM, and their affiliates, are not responsible for any aspect of the calculation or dissemination of the IIVs and make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the IIVs.
The IIV does not necessarily reflect the precise composition of
the current portfolio of securities held by a Fund at a particular point in time or the best possible valuation of the current portfolio. Therefore, the IIV should not be
viewed as a “real-time” update of a Fund’s NAV, which is computed only once a day. The IIV is generally determined by using both current market
quotations and/or price quotations obtained from broker-dealers that may trade in the portfolio securities held by a Fund. The quotations of certain Fund holdings may not be updated during U.S. trading hours if such holdings do not trade in the United States.
The Trust reserves the right to adjust the Share prices of a Fund in the future to maintain convenient trading ranges for investors. Any adjustments would be accomplished through stock splits or reverse stock splits, which would have no effect on the net assets of the Fund or an investor’s equity interest in the Fund.
The base and trading currencies of the Funds are the U.S.
dollar. The base currency is the currency in which a Fund’s NAV per Share is calculated and the trading currency is the currency in which Shares of the Fund are
listed and traded on an Exchange.
INDEX CONSTRUCTION
AND METHODOLOGY
Goldman Sachs
ActiveBeta® Emerging
Markets Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF,
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF
GSAM (the “Index Provider”) constructs each Index in accordance with a rules-based methodology that involves two steps. In the first step, the individual common factor indexes for value
(ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex), momentum
(ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex), quality (ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex) and low volatility (ActiveBeta® Low Volatility Factor Subindex) (collectively, the “ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes”) are created from the constituents of a
given market capitalization-weighted index (a “Reference Index”), as described in greater detail below. Each Index has a different Reference Index. In the
second step, the ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes are combined in equal weights to create the applicable Index. Each Index only includes long positions (i.e., short positions are impermissible).
Step 1: Creation of the
ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes
Individual Factor Index
Construction
The individual ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes are constructed using a patented construction technique called the ActiveBeta® Portfolio Construction Methodology, which was developed to provide exposure to the “factors” or characteristics that are commonly tied to a stock’s outperformance relative to market returns.
To construct each ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex, all constituents in the applicable Reference Index are assigned a “factor score” that is derived from the measurements described below:
• Value: The value measurement is a composite of three valuation measures, which
consist of book value-to-price, sales-to-price and free cash flow-to-price (earnings-to-price ratios are used for financial stocks or where free cash flow data are not available).
• Momentum: The momentum measurement is based on beta- and volatility-adjusted
daily returns over the 11-month period ending one month prior to the rebalance date.
• Quality: The quality measurement is gross profit divided by total assets, or return on equity (ROE) for financial stocks or when gross profit is not available.
• Low Volatility: The volatility measurement is defined as a composite of the
inverse of the standard deviation of past 12-month daily total stock returns and the inverse of market capitalization.
All constituents in the Reference Index are ranked on the factor
measurements, with the lowest-ranked constituent assigned a rank of 0. Ranks are converted to a factor measurement score ranging from –1 to +1.
Determining Constituent Target Weights
Two parameters are used in the construction process for each
ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex: the “Cut-off
Score” and the “Maximum Constituent Underweight.” The appropriate parameter values for each factor are determined based on historical simulations and are fixed for each Index.
The Cut-off Score
determines which constituents to overweight and underweight. Securities with a factor score that is above the Cut-off Score receive an overweight in the applicable
ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex relative to the Reference
Index and securities with a factor score that is below the Cut-off Score receive an underweight in the ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex relative to the Reference Index.
The Maximum Constituent Underweight determines the magnitude of security weight differences relative to their weights in the
Reference Index. The Index only includes long positions (i.e., short positions are impermissible), so the smallest absolute weight for any given security is zero and the maximum amount it can be underweighted is equal to its Reference Index weight.
The individual ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes also incorporate certain weight constraints to control unwanted biases. While
constraints vary by factor, exposures to industry groups, sector, country and/or beta are generally constrained relative to those of the Reference Index.
Step 2: Combination of the
ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes
In the second step, the ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes are combined in equal weights to create the
applicable Index. As part of this combination, offsetting security positions are calculated and netted across the ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes.
The maximum weight of an Index constituent will be restricted to 20 times the weight of the security in the Reference Index.
Each Index is normally rebalanced on a quarterly basis in
accordance with the published rebalancing schedule of its Reference Index.
The methodology incorporates a process that
seeks to discourage turnover that does not result in a meaningful improvement in the portfolio at a given rebalance.
The Index Provider may make changes to the methodology for the Indexes from time to
time.
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF
GSAM (the “Index Provider”) constructs the Index in
accordance with a rules-based methodology that involves two steps, as described in greater detail below. In the first step, the individual factor subindexes for value
(the “ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex”), momentum (the “ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex”) and quality (the
“ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex”)
are created from the constituents of the Solactive GBS Developed Markets Large & Mid Cap Index (the “Reference Index”), a market capitalization-weighted index. In the second step, the
ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex are combined in equal weights to create the Index. The Index only includes long positions (i.e., short positions are impermissible).
Step 1: Creation of the
ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta®
Quality Factor Subindex
Individual Factor Index Construction
The ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex are constructed using the ActiveBeta® Portfolio Construction Methodology, which was developed to provide exposure to the “factors”
or characteristics that are commonly tied to a stock’s outperformance relative to market returns.
To construct the
ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex,
ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and
ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex, all constituents in the Reference Index are assigned a “factor score” that is derived from the measurements described below.
• Value: The value measurement is a composite of three valuation measures, which
consist of book value-to-price, sales-to-price and free cash flow-to-price (earnings-to-price ratios are used for financial stocks or where free cash flow data are not available).
• Momentum: The momentum measurement is based on beta- and volatility-adjusted
daily returns over an 11-month period ending one month prior to the rebalance date.
• Quality: The quality measurement is gross profit divided by total assets or return on equity (ROE) for financial stocks or when gross profit is not available.
All constituents in the Reference Index are ranked separately on
each of the above factor measurements. Ranks are converted to a factor measurement score ranging from –1 to +1.
Determining Constituent Target Weights
Two parameters are used in the construction process for the
ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex: the “Cut-off Score” and the “Maximum Constituent Underweight.” The appropriate parameter values for each factor are determined based on historical simulations and are fixed for the Index.
The Cut-off Score determines which constituents to overweight and underweight. Securities with a factor score that is above the Cut-off Score receive an overweight in the applicable
ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex relative to the Reference
Index and securities with a factor score that is below the Cut-off Score receive an underweight in the applicable ActiveBeta® Factor Subindex relative to the Reference Index.
The Maximum Constituent Underweight determines the magnitude of
security weight differences relative to their weights in the Reference Index. The Index only includes long positions (i.e., short positions are impermissible), so
the smallest absolute weight for any given security is zero and the maximum amount it can be underweighted is equal to its Reference Index weight.
The individual ActiveBeta® Factor Subindexes also incorporate certain weight constraints to control unwanted biases.
While constraints vary by factor, exposures to industry groups, sector, and/or country are generally constrained relative to those of the Reference Index.
Step 2: Combination of the
ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta®
Quality Factor Subindex
In the second step, the ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex are combined in equal weights to create the Index. As part of this combination,
offsetting security positions are calculated and netted across the ActiveBeta® Value Factor Subindex, ActiveBeta® Momentum Factor Subindex and ActiveBeta® Quality Factor Subindex.
The maximum weight of a constituent in the Index will be
restricted to 20 times the weight of the security in the reweighted Reference Index.
Each Index is normally rebalanced on a quarterly basis in
accordance with the published rebalancing schedule of its Reference Index.
The methodology incorporates a process that
seeks to discourage turnover that does not result in a meaningful improvement in the portfolio at a given rebalance.
The
Index Provider may make changes to the methodology for the Index from time to time.
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
Each Fund has a distinct investment objective and
policies. The investment objective of each Fund is to provide investment results that closely correspond, before fees and expenses, to the performance of the Fund’s
underlying index. There can be no assurance that a Fund’s investment objective will be achieved. Each Fund is a diversified series of an open-end management company
as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act” or the “Act”). The investment objective and policies of each Fund, and the associated risks of the Funds, are discussed in the Prospectus, which should be read carefully before an investment is made. All investment objectives and investment policies not specifically designated as fundamental may be changed without shareholder approval. However, shareholders will be provided with sixty (60) days’ notice in the manner prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) before any change in a Fund’s policy to invest at least 80% of its assets (exclusive of collateral held from securities lending) in securities included in its underlying index.
Each Fund offers and issues Shares at its NAV per Share only in aggregations of a specified number of shares (“Creation Units”), generally in exchange for a basket of securities and/or instruments (the “Deposit Securities”) together with a deposit of a specified cash payment (the “Cash Component”), if any. Shares are redeemable by the Funds only in Creation Units and generally in exchange for securities and instruments together with a specified cash payment. Shares trade in the secondary market and elsewhere at market prices that may be at, above or below NAV. Creation Units typically are a specified number of Shares.
A Fund may charge creation/redemption transaction fees for each creation and redemption. In all cases, transaction fees will be limited in accordance with the requirements of the SEC applicable to management investment companies offering redeemable securities. See the “CREATIONS AND REDEMPTIONS” section below.
The Investment Adviser, on behalf of each
Fund, has filed a notice of eligibility claiming an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”) under the
Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) and therefore is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA.
DESCRIPTION OF
INVESTMENT SECURITIES AND PRACTICES
The investment securities and practices and related risks applicable to the Fund (which, for the remainder of this section, refers to one or more of the Funds offered in this SAI) are presented below in alphabetical order, and not in the order of importance or potential exposure.
The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities. Asset-backed
securities represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as motor vehicle installment sales, installment loan contracts, leases of various
types of real and personal property, receivables from revolving credit (credit card) agreements and other categories of receivables. Such assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose corporations. Payments or distributions of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for a certain time period by a letter of credit or a pool insurance policy issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the trust or corporation, or other credit enhancements may be
present.
Such securities are often subject to more rapid repayment than their stated maturity date would indicate as a result of the pass-through of prepayments of principal on the underlying loans. During periods of declining interest rates, prepayment of loans underlying asset-backed securities can be expected to accelerate. Accordingly, the Fund's ability to maintain positions in such securities will be affected by reductions in the principal amount of such securities resulting from prepayments, and its ability to reinvest the returns of principal at comparable yields is subject to generally prevailing interest rates at that time. To the extent that the Fund invests in asset-backed securities, the values of the Fund's portfolio securities will vary with changes in market interest rates generally and the differentials in yields among various kinds of asset-backed
securities.
Asset-backed securities present certain additional risks because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable to mortgage assets. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles rather than residential real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the asset-backed securities. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in the underlying automobiles. Therefore, if the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, the Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Fund's recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities.
The Fund may invest in obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S.
or foreign banks. Bank obligations, including without limitation, time deposits, bankers’ acceptances and certificates of deposit, may be general obligations
of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or by government regulation. Banks are subject to extensive but
different governmental regulations which may limit both the amount and types of loans which may be made and interest rates which may be charged. Foreign banks are subject to different regulations and are generally permitted to engage in a wider variety of activities than U.S. banks. In addition, the profitability of the banking industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of funds for the purpose of financing lending operations under prevailing money market conditions. General economic conditions as well as exposure to credit losses arising from possible financial difficulties of borrowers play an important part in the operation of this industry.
Certificates of deposit are certificates evidencing the
obligation of a bank to repay funds deposited with it for a specified period of time at a specified rate. Certificates of deposit are negotiable instruments and are
similar to saving deposits but have a definite maturity and are evidenced by a certificate instead of a passbook entry. Banks are required to keep reserves against all
certificates of deposit. Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time
deposits may be withdrawn on demand by
the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Fund may
invest in deposits in U.S. and European banks.
The Fund may enter into multiple transactions, including multiple options transactions, multiple futures transactions, multiple currency transactions (as applicable) (including forward currency contracts) and multiple interest rate and other swap transactions and any combination of futures, options, currency and swap transactions (“component” transactions) as part of a single or combined strategy when, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, it is in the best interests of the Fund to do so. A combined transaction will usually contain elements of risk that are present in each of its component transactions. Although combined transactions are normally entered into based on the Investment Adviser’s judgment that the combined strategies will reduce risk or otherwise more effectively achieve the desired portfolio management goal, it is possible that the combination will instead increase such risks or hinder achievement of the portfolio management objective.
Commercial Paper and Other Short-Term Corporate Obligations
The Fund may invest in commercial paper and other short-term obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations, non-U.S. corporations or other entities. Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by banks or bank holding companies, corporations and finance companies.
The Fund may invest in convertible
securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for a specified amount
of common stock (or other securities) of the same or different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security
entitles the holder to receive interest that is generally paid or accrued on debt or a dividend that is paid or accrued on preferred stock until the convertible security
matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities have unique investment characteristics, in that they generally (i) have higher yields than common stocks, but lower yields than comparable non-convertible securities, (ii) are less subject to fluctuation in value than the underlying common stock due to their fixed income characteristics and (iii) provide the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.
The value of a convertible security is a
function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not
have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The
investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value normally declining as interest rates increase and increasing
as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the
option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption,
the Fund will be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock, sell it to a third party, or permit the issuer to redeem the security. Any of these
actions could have an adverse effect on the Fund's ability to achieve its investment objective, which, in turn, could result in losses to the Fund. To the extent that the Fund holds a convertible security, or a security that is otherwise converted or exchanged for common stock (e.g., as a result of a restructuring), the Fund may, consistent with its investment objective, hold such common stock in its portfolio.
Corporate Debt
Obligations
The Fund may invest in corporate debt obligations, including obligations of industrial, utility and financial issuers. Corporate debt obligations include bonds, notes, debentures and other obligations of corporations to pay interest and repay principal. Corporate debt obligations are subject to the risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payments on the obligations and may also be subject to price volatility due to such factors as market interest rates, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity.
Corporate debt obligations rated BBB or Baa are considered
medium-grade obligations with speculative characteristics, and adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken their issuers’ capacity to pay
interest and repay principal. Medium to lower rated and comparable non-rated securities tend to offer higher yields than higher rated securities with the same maturities because the historical financial condition of the issuers of such securities may not have been as strong as that of other issuers. The price of corporate debt obligations will generally fluctuate in response to fluctuations in supply and demand for similarly rated securities. In addition, the price of corporate debt obligations will generally fluctuate in response to interest rate levels. Fluctuations in the prices of portfolio securities subsequent to their acquisition will not affect cash income from such securities but will be reflected in the Fund's NAV. Because medium to lower rated securities generally involve greater risks of loss of income and principal than higher rated securities, investors should consider carefully the relative risks associated with investment in securities which carry medium to lower ratings and in comparable unrated securities. In addition to the risk of default, there are the related costs of recovery on defaulted issues.
Custodial Receipts and Trust Certificates
The Fund may invest in custodial receipts
and trust certificates, which may be underwritten by securities dealers or banks, representing interests in securities held by a custodian or trustee. The securities so
held may include U.S. Government Securities (as defined below), municipal securities or other types of securities in which the Fund may invest. The custodial receipts or
trust certificates are underwritten by securities dealers or banks and may evidence ownership of future interest payments, principal payments or both on the underlying securities, or, in some cases, the payment obligation of a third party that has entered into an interest rate swap or other arrangement with the custodian or trustee. For purposes of certain securities laws, custodial receipts and trust certificates may not be considered obligations of the U.S. Government or other issuer of the securities held by the custodian or trustee. As a holder of custodial receipts and trust certificates, the Fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses charged to the custodial account or trust. The Fund may also invest in separately issued interests in custodial receipts and trust certificates.
Although under the terms of a custodial receipt or trust
certificate the Fund would typically be authorized to assert its rights directly against the issuer of the underlying obligation, the Fund could be required to assert
through the custodian bank or trustee those rights as may exist against the underlying issuers. Thus, in the event an underlying issuer fails to pay principal and/or
interest when due, the Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation of the issuer. In addition, in the event that the trust or custodial account in which the underlying securities have been deposited is determined to be an association taxable as a corporation, instead of a non-taxable entity, the yield on the underlying securities would be reduced in recognition of any taxes paid.
Certain custodial receipts and trust
certificates may be synthetic or derivative instruments that have interest rates that reset inversely to changing short-term rates and/or have embedded interest rate
floors and caps that require the issuer to pay an adjusted interest rate if market rates fall below or rise above a specified rate. Because some of these instruments
represent relatively recent innovations, and the trading market for these instruments is less developed than the markets for traditional types of instruments, it is
uncertain how these instruments will perform under different economic and interest-rate scenarios. Also, because these instruments may be leveraged, their market values may be more volatile than other types of fixed income instruments and may present greater potential for capital gain or loss. The possibility of default by an issuer or the issuer’s credit provider may be greater for these derivative instruments than for other types of instruments. In some cases, it may be difficult to determine the fair value of a derivative instrument because of a lack of reliable objective information and an established secondary market for some instruments may not
exist. In many cases, the Internal
Revenue Service (“IRS”) has not ruled on the tax treatment of the interest or payments received on the derivative instruments and, accordingly, purchases of
such instruments are based on the opinion of counsel to the sponsors of the instruments.
Dividend-Paying Investments
The Fund's investments in dividend-paying securities could cause the Fund to underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ a different investment style. Securities that pay dividends, as a group, can fall out of favor with the market, causing such securities to underperform securities that do not pay dividends. Depending upon market conditions and political and legislative responses to such conditions, dividend-paying securities that meet the Fund's investment criteria may not be widely available and/or may be highly concentrated in only a few market sectors. The adoption of new legislation could further limit or restrict the ability of issuers to pay dividends. To the extent that dividend-paying securities are concentrated in only a few market sectors, the Fund may be subject to the risks of volatile economic cycles and/or conditions or developments that may be particular to a sector to a greater extent than if its investments were diversified across different sectors. In addition, issuers that have paid regular dividends or distributions to shareholders may not continue to do so at the same level or at all in the future. A sharp rise in interest rates or an economic downturn could cause an issuer to abruptly reduce or eliminate its dividend. This may limit the ability of the Fund to produce current income.
The Fund may purchase equity investments. In addition, after its
purchase, a portfolio investment (such as a convertible debt obligation) may convert to an equity security. The Fund may also acquire equity securities in connection with
a restructuring event related to one or more of its investments. If this occurs, the Fund may continue to hold the investment if the Investment Adviser believes it is in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders.
Equity-Linked Structured Notes
The Fund may invest in equity-linked structured notes. Equity-linked structured notes are derivatives that are specifically designed to combine the characteristics of one or more underlying securities and their equity derivatives in a single note form. The return and/or yield or income component may be based on the performance of the underlying equity securities, an equity index, and/or option positions. Equity-linked structured notes are typically offered in limited transactions by financial institutions in either registered or non-registered form. An investment in equity-linked notes creates exposure to the credit risk of the issuing financial institution, as well as to the market risk of the underlying securities. There is no guaranteed return of principal with these securities and the appreciation potential of these securities may be limited by a maximum payment or call right. In certain cases, equity-linked notes may be more volatile and less liquid than less complex securities or other types of fixed-income securities. Such securities may exhibit price behavior that does not correlate with other fixed-income securities.
Events Relating to the Mortgage- and Asset-Backed Securities Markets and the Overall Economy
The unprecedented disruption in the market for mortgage loans, mortgage pass-through securities and other securities representing an interest in or collateralized by adjustable and fixed rate mortgage loans (“Mortgage-Backed Securities”) (and in particular, the “subprime” residential mortgage market), the broader Mortgage-Backed Securities market and the asset-backed securities market in 2008 and 2009 resulted in downward price pressures and increasing foreclosures and defaults in residential and commercial real estate. Concerns over inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, the mortgage market and a depressed real estate market contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets going forward, and contributed to dramatic declines in the housing market, with falling home prices and increasing foreclosures and unemployment, and significant asset write-downs by financial institutions. These conditions prompted a number of financial institutions to seek additional capital, to merge with other institutions and, in some cases, to fail or seek bankruptcy protection. Between 2008 and 2009, the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities (as well as other asset-backed securities) was particularly adversely impacted by, among other factors, the failure and subsequent sale of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. to J.P. Morgan Chase, the merger of Bank of America Corporation and Merrill Lynch & Co., the insolvency of Washington Mutual Inc., the failure and subsequent bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc., the extension of approximately $152 billion in emergency credit by
the U.S. Department of Treasury (the
“Treasury” or “U.S. Treasury”) to American International Group Inc., and, as described above, the conservatorship and the control by the U.S.
Government of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”). The global
markets also saw an increase in volatility due to uncertainty surrounding the level and sustainability of sovereign debt of certain countries that are part of the
European Union (“EU”), including Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Italy, as well as the sustainability of the EU itself. Concerns over the level and
sustainability of the sovereign debt of the United States have aggravated this volatility. No assurance can be made that this uncertainty will not lead to further disruption of the credit markets in the United States or around the globe. These events, coupled with the general global economic downturn, have resulted in a substantial level of uncertainty in the financial markets, particularly with respect to mortgage-related investments.
These events may lead to further declines in income from, or the
value of, real estate, including the real estate which secures the Mortgage-Backed Securities which may be held by the Fund. Additionally, a lack of credit liquidity,
adjustments of mortgages to higher rates and decreases in the value of real property have occurred and may reoccur, and potentially prevent borrowers from refinancing their mortgages, which may increase the likelihood of default on their mortgage loans. These economic conditions, coupled with high levels of real estate inventory and elevated incidence of underwater mortgages, may also adversely affect the amount of proceeds the holder of a mortgage loan or Mortgage-Backed Securities (including the Mortgage-Backed Securities in which the Fund may invest) would realize in the event of a foreclosure or other exercise of remedies. Moreover, even if such Mortgage-Backed Securities are performing as anticipated, the value of such securities in the secondary market may nevertheless fall or continue to fall as a result of deterioration in general market conditions for such Mortgage-Backed Securities or other asset-backed or structured products. Trading activity associated with market indices may also drive spreads on those indices wider than spreads on Mortgage-Backed Securities, thereby resulting in a decrease in value of such Mortgage-Backed Securities, including the Mortgage-Backed Securities which may be owned by the Fund.
The U.S. Government, the Federal Reserve, the U.S. Treasury, the
SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and other governmental and regulatory bodies have taken or are considering taking actions to
address the financial crisis. These actions include, but are not limited to, the enactment by the United States Congress of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), which was signed into law on July 21, 2010 and imposes a new regulatory framework over the U.S. financial services industry and the consumer credit markets in general, and the promulgation of additional regulations in this area which could affect these securities. Given the broad scope, sweeping nature, and relatively recent enactment of some of these regulatory measures, the potential impact they could have on any of the asset-backed or Mortgage-Backed Securities which may be held by the Fund is unknown. There can be no assurance that these measures will not have an adverse effect on the value or marketability of any asset-backed or Mortgage-Backed Securities which may be held by the Fund. Furthermore, no assurance can be made that the U.S. Government or any U.S. regulatory body (or other authority or regulatory body) will not continue to take further legislative or regulatory action in response to the economic crisis or otherwise, and the effect of such actions, if taken, cannot be known.
Among its other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act creates a
liquidation framework under which the FDIC may be appointed as receiver following a “systemic risk determination” by the Secretary of Treasury (in
consultation with the President) for the resolution of certain nonbank financial companies and other entities, defined as “covered financial companies,” and
commonly referred to as “systemically important entities,” in the event such a company is in default or in danger of default and the resolution of such a
company under other applicable law would have serious adverse effects on financial stability in the United States, and also for the resolution of certain of their subsidiaries. No assurances can be given that this new liquidation framework would not apply to the originators of asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities, or their respective subsidiaries, including the issuers and depositors of such securities, although the expectation embedded in the Dodd-Frank Act is that the framework will be invoked only very rarely. Guidance from the FDIC indicates that such new framework will largely be exercised in a manner consistent with the existing bankruptcy laws, which is the insolvency regime that would otherwise apply to the sponsors, depositors and issuing entities with respect to asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities. The application of such liquidation framework to such entities could result in decreases or delays in amounts paid on, and hence the market value of, the Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities that may be owned by the Fund.
Delinquencies, defaults and losses on residential mortgage loans
may increase substantially over certain periods, which may affect the performance of the Mortgage-Backed Securities in which the Fund may invest. Mortgage loans backing
non-agency
Mortgage-Backed Securities are more
sensitive to economic factors that could affect the ability of borrowers to pay their obligations under the mortgage loans backing these securities. In addition, housing
prices and appraisal values in many states and localities over certain periods have declined or stopped appreciating. A continued decline or an extended flattening of
those values may result in additional increases in delinquencies and losses on Mortgage-Backed Securities generally (including the Mortgage-Backed Securities that the Fund may invest in as described above).
The foregoing adverse changes in market conditions and
regulatory climate may reduce the cash flow which the Fund, to the extent it invests in Mortgage-Backed Securities or other asset-backed securities, receives from such
securities and increase the incidence and severity of credit events and losses in respect of such securities. In addition, interest rate spreads for Mortgage-Backed
Securities and other asset-backed securities are subject to widening and increased volatility due to these adverse changes in market conditions. In the event that interest rate spreads for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities widen following the purchase of such assets by the Fund, the market value of such securities is likely to decline and, in the case of a substantial spread widening, could decline by a substantial amount. Furthermore, adverse changes in market conditions may result in reduced liquidity in the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities (including the Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities in which the Fund may invest) and increased unwillingness by banks, financial institutions and investors to extend credit to servicers, originators and other participants in the market for Mortgage-Backed and other asset-backed securities. As a result, the liquidity and/or the market value of any Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities that are owned by the Fund may experience further declines after they are purchased by the Fund.
The Fund may invest in securities of foreign issuers, including
securities quoted or denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars. Investments in foreign securities may offer potential benefits not available from investments
solely in U.S. dollar-denominated or quoted securities of domestic issuers. Such benefits may include the opportunity to invest in foreign issuers that appear, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, to offer the potential for better long term growth of capital and income than investments in U.S. securities, the opportunity to invest in foreign countries with economic policies or business cycles different from those of the United States and the opportunity to reduce fluctuations in portfolio value by taking advantage of foreign securities markets that do not necessarily move in a manner parallel to U.S. markets. Investing in the securities of foreign issuers also involves, however, certain special risks, including those discussed in the Fund’s Prospectus and those set forth below, which are not typically associated with investing in U.S. dollar-denominated securities or quoted securities of U.S. issuers. Many of these risks are more pronounced for investments in emerging economies.
With respect to investments in certain foreign countries, there
exist certain economic, political and social risks, including the risk of adverse political developments, nationalization, military unrest, social instability, war and
terrorism, confiscation without fair compensation, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, limitations on the movement of funds and other assets between different countries, or diplomatic developments, any of which could adversely affect the Fund’s investments in those countries. Governments in certain foreign countries continue to participate to a significant degree, through ownership interest or regulation, in their respective economies. Action by these governments could have a significant effect on market prices of securities and dividend payments.
As described more fully below, the Fund may invest in countries with emerging economies or securities markets. Political and economic structures in many of such countries may be undergoing significant evolution and rapid development, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. Certain of such countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized or expropriated the assets of, or ignored internationally accepted standards of due process against, private companies. In addition, a country may take these and other retaliatory actions against a specific private company, including the Fund or the Investment Adviser. There may not be legal recourse against these actions, which could arise in connection with the commercial activities of Goldman Sachs or its affiliates or otherwise, and the Fund could be subject to substantial losses. In addition, the Fund or its Investment Adviser may determine not to invest in, or may limit its overall investment in, a particular issuer, country or geographic region due to, among other things, heightened risks regarding repatriation restrictions, confiscation of assets and property, expropriation or nationalization. See “Investing in Emerging Countries,” below.
Many countries
throughout the world are dependent on a healthy U.S. economy and are adversely affected when the U.S. economy weakens or its markets decline. Additionally, many foreign
country economies are heavily dependent on international trade and are adversely affected by protective trade barriers and economic conditions of their trading partners.
Protectionist trade legislation enacted by those trading partners could have a significant adverse effect on the securities markets of those countries. Individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position.
From time to time, certain of the companies in which the Fund may invest may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargos imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. A company may suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates in, or has dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. As an investor in such companies, the Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks. Iran is subject to several United Nations sanctions and is an embargoed country by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the “Treasury” or “U.S. Treasury”).
In addition, from time to time, certain of the companies
in which the Fund may invest may engage in, or have dealings with countries or companies that engage in, activities that may not be considered socially and/or
environmentally responsible. Such activities may relate to human rights issues (such as patterns of human rights abuses or violations, persecution or discrimination),
impacts to local communities in which companies operate and environmental sustainability. For a description of the Investment Adviser’s approach to responsible and sustainable investing, please see GSAM’s Statement on Responsible and Sustainable Investing at
https://www.gsam.com/content/dam/gsam/pdfs/common/en/public/miscellaneous/GSAM_statement_on_respon_sustainable_investing.pdf.
As a result, a company may suffer damage to its reputation if it
is identified as a company which engages in, or has dealings with countries or companies that engage in, the above referenced activities. As an investor in such
companies, the Fund would be indirectly subject to those risks.
The Investment Adviser is committed to
complying fully with sanctions in effect as of the date of this Statement of Additional Information and any other applicable sanctions that may be enacted in the future
with respect to Sudan or any other country.
Investments in foreign securities often involve currencies of foreign countries. Accordingly, the Fund may be affected favorably
or unfavorably by changes in currency rates and in exchange control regulations and may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. The Fund may be subject to currency exposure independent of its securities positions. To the extent that the Fund is fully invested in foreign securities while also maintaining net currency positions, it may be exposed to greater combined risk.
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short
periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets and the relative merits of investments in different
countries, actual or anticipated changes in interest rates and other complex factors, as seen from an international perspective. Currency exchange rates also can be
affected unpredictably by intervention (or the failure to intervene) by U.S. or foreign governments or central banks or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or abroad. To the extent that a portion of the Fund’s total assets, adjusted to reflect the Fund’s net position after giving effect to currency transactions, is denominated or quoted in the currencies of foreign countries, the Fund will be more susceptible to the risk of adverse economic and political developments within those countries. The Fund’s net currency positions may expose it to risks independent of its securities positions.
Because foreign issuers generally are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign company than about a U.S. company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign securities markets are less than in the United States and securities of many foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. The securities of foreign issuers may be listed on foreign securities exchanges or traded in foreign over-the-counter markets. Fixed commissions on foreign securities exchanges are generally higher than negotiated commissions on U.S. exchanges, although the Fund endeavors to achieve the most favorable net results on its portfolio transactions. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of
foreign securities exchanges, brokers,
dealers and listed and unlisted companies than in the United States, and the legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United
States. For example, there may be no comparable provisions under certain foreign laws to insider trading and similar investor protections that apply with respect to
securities transactions consummated in the United States. Mail service between the United States and foreign countries may be slower or less reliable than within the United States, thus increasing the risk of delayed settlement of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities.
Foreign markets also have different clearance and settlement
procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to
conduct such transactions. Such delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when some of the Fund’s assets are uninvested and no return is earned on
such assets. The inability of the Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the portfolio securities, or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the securities, in possible liability to the purchaser.
These and other factors discussed in the section below, titled
“Illiquid Investments,” may impact the liquidity of investments in securities of foreign issuers.
The Fund may invest in foreign securities which take the form of sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) or other similar instruments representing securities of foreign issuers (together, “Depositary Receipts”). ADRs represent the right to receive securities of foreign issuers deposited in a domestic bank or a correspondent bank. ADRs are traded on domestic exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market and, generally, are in registered form. EDRs and GDRs are receipts evidencing an arrangement with a non-U.S. bank similar to that for ADRs and are designed for use in the non-U.S. securities markets. EDRs and GDRs are not necessarily quoted in the same currency as the underlying security.
To the extent the Fund acquires Depositary Receipts through
banks which do not have a contractual relationship with the foreign issuer of the security underlying the Depositary Receipts to issue and service such unsponsored
Depositary Receipts, there is an increased possibility that the Fund will not become aware of and be able to respond to corporate actions such as stock splits or rights
offerings involving the foreign issuer in a timely manner. In addition, the lack of information may result in inefficiencies in the valuation of such instruments. Investment in Depositary Receipts does not eliminate all the risks inherent in investing in securities of non-U.S. issuers. The market value of Depositary Receipts is dependent upon the market value of the underlying securities and fluctuations in the relative value of the currencies in which the Depositary Receipts and the underlying securities are quoted. In addition, the issuers of Depositary Receipts may discontinue issuing new Depositary Receipts and withdraw existing Depositary Receipts at any time, which may result in costs and delays in the distribution of the underlying assets to the Fund and may negatively impact the Fund’s performance. However, by investing in Depositary Receipts, such as ADRs, which are quoted in U.S. dollars, the Fund may avoid currency risks during the settlement period for purchases and sales.
Foreign Government Obligations. Foreign government obligations include securities, instruments and obligations issued or guaranteed by
a foreign government, its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. Investment in foreign government obligations can involve a high degree of risk. The
governmental entity that controls the repayment of foreign government obligations may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance
with the terms of such debt. A governmental entity’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other
factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entity’s policy towards the International Monetary Fund and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Governmental entities may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a governmental entity’s implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtor’s obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties’ commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtor’s ability or willingness to service its debts in a timely manner. Consequently, governmental entities
may default on their debt. Holders of
foreign government obligations (including the Fund) may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental
agencies.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange
Contracts
The Fund may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts for investment and speculative purposes, as well as for hedging purposes, to seek to protect against anticipated changes in future foreign currency exchange rates and to seek to increase total return. A forward foreign currency exchange contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded in the interbank market between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are generally charged at any stage for trades.
At the maturity of a forward contract the Fund may either accept
or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract or, at or prior to maturity, enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting
contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are often, but not always, effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward
contract.
The Fund may, from time to time, engage in non-deliverable forward transactions to manage currency risk or to gain exposure to a currency without purchasing securities denominated in that currency. A non-deliverable forward is a transaction that represents an agreement between the Fund and a counterparty (usually a commercial bank) to pay the other party the amount that it would have cost based on current market rates as of the termination date to buy or sell a specified (notional) amount of a particular currency at an agreed upon foreign exchange rate on an agreed upon future date. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreement related to the transaction, but the Fund may be delayed or prevented from obtaining payments owed to it pursuant to non-deliverable forward transactions. Such non-deliverable forward transactions will be settled in cash.
The Fund may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts in several circumstances. First, when the Fund enters into a contract for the purchase or sale of a security denominated or quoted in a foreign currency, or when the Fund anticipates the receipt in a foreign currency of dividend or interest payments on such a security which it holds, the Fund may desire to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of the security or the U.S. dollar equivalent of such dividend or interest payment, as the case may be. By entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale, for a fixed amount of dollars, of the amount of foreign currency involved in the underlying transactions, the Fund will attempt to protect itself against an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the subject foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is declared, and the date on which such payments are made or received.
Additionally, when the Investment Adviser
believes that the currency of a particular foreign country may suffer a substantial decline against the U.S. dollar, it may enter into a forward contract to sell, for a
fixed amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of foreign currency approximating the value of some or all of the Fund’s portfolio securities quoted or denominated in such
foreign currency. The precise matching of the forward contract amounts and the value of the securities involved will not generally be possible because the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the date on which the contract is entered into and the date it matures. Using forward contracts to protect the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities against a decline in the value of a currency does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities. It simply establishes a rate of exchange, which the Fund can achieve at some future point in time. The precise projection of short-term currency market movements is not possible, and short-term hedging provides a means of fixing the U.S. dollar value of only a portion of the Fund’s foreign assets.
The Fund may engage in cross-hedging by using forward contracts
in one currency to hedge against fluctuations in the value of securities quoted or denominated in a different currency.
While the Fund may enter into forward contracts to reduce currency exchange rate risks, transactions in such contracts involve certain other risks. Thus, while the Fund may benefit from such transactions, unanticipated changes in currency prices may result in a poorer overall performance for the Fund than if it had not engaged in any such transactions. Moreover, there may be imperfect correlation between the Fund’s portfolio holdings of securities quoted or denominated in a particular currency and forward contracts
entered into by the Fund. Such imperfect
correlation may cause the Fund to sustain losses which will prevent the Fund from achieving a complete hedge or expose the Fund to risk of foreign exchange loss.
Certain forward foreign currency exchange contracts and other currency transactions are not exchange traded or cleared. Markets for trading such foreign forward currency contracts offer less protection against defaults than is available when trading in currency instruments on an exchange. Such forward contracts are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the contract will default on its obligations. Because these contracts are not guaranteed by an exchange or clearinghouse, a default on a contract would deprive the Fund of unrealized profits, transaction costs or the benefits of a currency hedge or force the Fund to cover its purchase or sale commitments, if any, at the current market price. In addition, the institutions that deal in forward currency contracts are not required to continue to make markets in the currencies they trade and these markets can experience periods of illiquidity. To the extent that a portion of the Fund’s total assets, adjusted to reflect the Fund’s net position after giving effect to currency transactions, is denominated or quoted in the currencies of foreign countries, the Fund will be more susceptible to the risk of adverse economic and political developments within those countries.
These and other factors discussed in the section below, titled
“Illiquid Investments,” may impact the liquidity of investments in issuers of emerging country securities.
Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts
The Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts and may also purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts. The Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts based on various securities, securities indices, foreign currencies and other financial instruments and indices. Financial futures contracts used by the Fund may include interest rate futures contracts. The Fund may engage in futures and related options transactions in order to seek to increase total return or to hedge against changes in interest rates, securities prices or, to the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities, currency exchange rates, or to otherwise manage its term structure, sector selection and duration in accordance with its investment objective and policies. The Fund may also enter into closing purchase and sale transactions with respect to such contracts and options.
Futures contracts utilized by funds have
historically been traded on U.S. exchanges or boards of trade that are licensed and regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) or, with
respect to certain funds, on foreign exchanges. More recently, certain futures may also be traded either over-the-counter or on trading facilities such as derivatives
transaction execution facilities, exempt boards of trade or electronic trading facilities that are licensed and/or regulated to varying degrees by the CFTC. Also, certain single stock futures and narrow based security index futures may be traded either over-the-counter or on trading facilities such as contract markets, derivatives transaction execution facilities and electronic trading facilities that are licensed and/or regulated to varying degrees by both the CFTC and the SEC, or on foreign exchanges.
Neither the CFTC, National Futures
Association (“NFA”), SEC nor any domestic exchange regulates activities of any foreign exchange or boards of trade, including the execution, delivery and
clearing of transactions, or has the power to compel enforcement of the rules of a foreign exchange or board of trade or any applicable foreign law. This is true even if
the exchange is formally linked to a domestic market so that a position taken on the market may be liquidated by a transaction on another market. Moreover, such laws or
regulations will vary depending on the foreign country in which the foreign futures or foreign options transaction occurs. For these reasons, a Fund’s investments in foreign futures or foreign options transactions may not be provided the same protections in respect of transactions on United States exchanges. In particular, persons who trade foreign futures or foreign options contracts may not be afforded certain of the protective measures provided by the CEA, the CFTC’s regulations and the rules of the NFA and any domestic exchange, including the right to use reparations proceedings before the CFTC and arbitration proceedings provided by the NFA or any domestic futures exchange. Similarly, those persons may not have the protection of the U.S. securities laws.
Futures Contracts. A futures contract may generally be described as an agreement between two parties to buy and sell particular financial instruments or currencies for an agreed price during a designated month (or to deliver the final cash settlement price, in the case of a contract relating to an index or otherwise not calling for physical delivery at the end of trading in the contract).
When interest rates are rising or securities prices are falling, the Fund can seek through the sale of futures contracts to offset a decline in the value of its current portfolio securities. When interest rates are falling or securities prices are rising, the Fund, through
the purchase of futures contracts, can
attempt to secure better rates or prices than might later be available in the market when it effects anticipated purchases. Similarly, the Fund can purchase and sell
futures contracts on a specified currency in order to seek to increase total return or to protect against changes in currency exchange rates. For example, the Fund may
seek to offset anticipated changes in the value of a currency in which its portfolio securities, or securities that it intends to purchase, are quoted or denominated by
purchasing and selling futures contracts on such currencies. As another example, the Fund may enter into futures transactions to seek a closer correlation between the Fund's overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of the Fund's performance benchmark.
Positions taken in the futures market are not normally held to
maturity, but are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions which may result in a profit or a loss. While the Fund will usually liquidate futures contracts on
securities or currency in this manner, the Fund may instead make or take delivery of the underlying securities or currency whenever it appears economically advantageous
for the Fund to do so. A clearing corporation associated with the exchange on which futures on securities or currency are traded guarantees that, if still open, the sale or purchase will be performed on the settlement date.
Hedging Strategies Using Futures Contracts. Hedging, by use of futures contracts, seeks to establish with more certainty than would otherwise be
possible the effective price, rate of return or currency exchange rate on portfolio securities or securities that the Fund owns or proposes to acquire. The Fund may, for
example, take a “short” position in the futures market by selling futures contracts to seek to hedge against an anticipated rise in interest rates or a
decline in market prices or foreign currency rates that would adversely affect the dollar value of the Fund’s portfolio securities. Similarly, the Fund may sell
futures contracts on a currency in which its portfolio securities are quoted or denominated, or sell futures contracts on one currency to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the value of securities quoted or denominated in a different currency if there is an established historical pattern of correlation between the two currencies. If, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, there is a sufficient degree of correlation between price trends for the Fund’s portfolio securities and futures contracts based on other financial instruments, securities indices or other indices, the Fund may also enter into such futures contracts as part of a hedging strategy. Although under some circumstances prices of securities in the Fund’s portfolio may be more or less volatile than prices of such futures contracts, the Investment Adviser may attempt to estimate the extent of this volatility difference based on historical patterns and compensate for any such differential by having the Fund enter into a greater or lesser number of futures contracts or by attempting to achieve only a partial hedge against price changes affecting the Fund’s portfolio securities. When hedging of this character is successful, any depreciation in the value of portfolio securities will be substantially offset by appreciation in the value of the futures position. On the other hand, any unanticipated appreciation in the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities would be substantially offset by a decline in the value of the futures position.
On other occasions, the Fund may take a “long”
position by purchasing such futures contracts. This may be done, for example, when the Fund anticipates the subsequent purchase of particular securities when it has the
necessary cash, but expects the prices or currency exchange rates then available in the applicable market to be less favorable than prices or rates that are currently
available.
Options
on Futures Contracts. The acquisition of put and call options on futures contracts will give the Fund the right (but not the obligation), for a specified price, to sell or to purchase, respectively, the underlying futures contract at any time during the option period. As the purchaser of an option on a futures contract, the Fund obtains the benefit of the futures position if prices move in a favorable direction but limits its risk of loss in the event of an unfavorable price movement to the loss of the premium and transaction costs.
The writing of a call option on a futures contract generates a
premium which may partially offset a decline in the value of the Fund's assets. By writing a call option, the Fund becomes obligated, in exchange for the premium, to sell
a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value higher than the exercise price. The writing of a put option on a futures contract generates a premium, which may partially offset an increase in the price of securities that the Fund intends to purchase. However, the Fund becomes obligated (upon the exercise of the option) to purchase a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value lower than the exercise price. Thus, the loss incurred by the Fund in writing options on futures is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. The Fund will incur transaction costs in connection with the writing of options on futures.
The holder or writer of
an option on a futures contract may terminate its position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option on the same financial instrument. There is no guarantee that such
closing transactions can be effected. The Fund's ability to establish and close out positions on such options will be subject to the development and maintenance of a
liquid market.
Other
Considerations. The Fund will engage in transactions in futures contracts and related options transactions only to the extent such transactions are consistent with the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) for maintaining its qualification as a regulated investment company for federal income tax purposes. Transactions in futures contracts and options on futures involve brokerage costs and require posting margin.
While transactions in futures contracts and
options on futures may reduce certain risks, such transactions themselves entail certain other risks. Thus, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or
currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance for the Fund than if it had not entered into any futures contracts or options transactions. When
futures contracts and options are used for hedging purposes, perfect correlation between the Fund's futures positions and portfolio positions may be impossible to achieve, particularly where futures contracts based on individual equity or corporate fixed income securities are currently not available. In the event of an imperfect correlation between a futures position and a portfolio position which is intended to be protected, the desired protection may not be obtained and the Fund may be exposed to risk of loss.
In addition, it is not possible for the Fund to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of securities quoted or denominated in foreign currencies because the value of such securities is likely to fluctuate as a result of independent factors unrelated to currency fluctuations. The profitability of the Fund's trading in futures depends upon the ability of the Investment Adviser to analyze correctly the futures markets.
Pursuant to Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act, the Fund may not
acquire any “illiquid investment” if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments
that are assets. An “illiquid investment” is any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in
seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Illiquid investments include repurchase agreements with a notice or demand period of more than seven days, certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, certain municipal leases, certain over-the-counter derivative instruments, securities and other financial instruments that are not readily marketable, and Restricted Securities unless, based upon a review of the relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations, those investments are determined not to be illiquid. The Trust has implemented a liquidity risk management program and related procedures to identify illiquid investments pursuant to Rule 22e-4, and the Trustees have approved the designation of the Investment Adviser to administer the Trust’s liquidity risk management program and related procedures. In determining whether an investment is an illiquid investment, the Investment Adviser will take into account actual or estimated daily transaction volume of an investment, group of related investments or asset class and other relevant market, trading, and investment-specific considerations. In addition, in determining the liquidity of an investment, the Investment Adviser must determine whether trading varying portions of a position in a particular portfolio investment or asset class, in sizes that the Fund would reasonably anticipate trading, is reasonably expected to significantly affect its liquidity, and if so, the Fund must take this determination into account when classifying the liquidity of that investment or asset class.
In addition to actual or estimated daily transaction volume of
an investment, group of related investments or asset class and other relevant market, trading, and investment-specific considerations, the following factors, among
others, will generally impact the classification of an investment as an “illiquid investment”: (i) any investment that is placed on the Investment
Adviser’s restricted trading list; and (ii) any investment that is delisted or for which there is a trading halt at the close of the trading day on the primary
listing exchange at the time of classification (and in respect of which no active secondary market exists). Investments purchased by the Fund that are liquid at the time of purchase may subsequently become illiquid due to these and other events and circumstances. If one or more investments in the Fund's portfolio become illiquid, the Fund may exceed the 15% limitation in illiquid investments. In the event that changes in the portfolio or other external events cause the Fund to exceed this limit, the Fund must take steps to bring its illiquid investments that are assets to or below 15% of its net assets within a reasonable period of time. This requirement would not force the Fund to liquidate any portfolio instrument where the Fund would suffer a loss on the sale of that instrument.
Index Swaps, Interest Rate Swaps, Mortgage Swaps, Credit Swaps, Currency Swaps, Total Return Swaps, Equity Swaps, Volatility and Variance Swaps, Inflation and Inflation Asset Swaps, Correlation Swaps, Options on Swaps and Interest Rate Caps, Floors and Collars
The Fund may enter into interest rate, credit, total return,
equity, mortgage and currency swaps. The Fund may also enter into interest rate caps, floors and collars. The Fund may also purchase and write (sell) options contracts on
swaps, commonly referred to as swaptions. The Fund may enter into index swaps, volatility and variance swaps, inflation and inflation asset swaps and correlation swaps.
The Fund may enter into swap transactions for hedging purposes
or to seek to increase total return. As examples, the Fund may enter into swap transactions for the purpose of attempting to obtain or preserve a particular return or
spread at a lower cost than obtaining a return or spread through purchases and/or sales of instruments in other markets, to protect against currency fluctuations, as a duration management technique, to protect against any increase in the price of securities the Fund anticipates purchasing at a later date, or to gain exposure to certain markets in an economical way.
In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties
agree to exchange the returns, differentials in rates of return or some other amount earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments, which may
be adjusted for an interest factor. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are generally calculated with respect to a
“notional amount,” i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign
currency or security, or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. Bilateral swap agreements are two party contracts entered into primarily
by institutional investors. Cleared swaps are transacted through futures commission merchants (“FCMs”) that are members of central clearinghouses with the clearinghouse serving as a central counterparty similar to transactions in futures contracts. Each Fund posts initial and variation margin by making payments to their clearing member FCMs.
Index swaps involve the exchange by the
Fund with another party of payments based on a notional principal amount of a specified index or indices. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange by the Fund with
another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive payments for floating rate payments based on interest rates at specified intervals in the future. Two
types of interest rate swaps include “fixed-for-floating rate swaps” and “basis swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of
payments based on a fixed interest rate for payments based on a floating interest rate index. By contrast, basis swaps involve the exchange of payments based on two different floating interest rate indices. Mortgage swaps are similar to interest rate swaps in that they represent commitments to pay and receive interest. The notional principal amount, however, is tied to a reference pool or pools of mortgages.
Credit swaps (also referred to as credit default swaps) involve the exchange of a floating or fixed rate payment in return for assuming potential credit losses of an underlying security or pool of securities. Loan credit default swaps are similar to credit default swaps on bonds, except that the underlying protection is sold on secured loans of a reference entity rather than a broader category of bonds or loans. Loan credit default swaps may be on single names or on baskets of loans, both tranched and untranched. Currency swaps involve the exchange of the parties’ respective rights to make or receive payments in specified currencies. Total return swaps are contracts that obligate a party to pay or receive interest in exchange for payment by the other party of the total return generated by a security, a basket of securities, an index, or an index component. Equity swap contracts may be structured in different ways. For example, as a total return swap where a counterparty may agree to pay the Fund the amount, if any, by which the notional amount of the equity swap contract would have increased in value had it been invested in the particular stocks (or a group of stocks), plus the dividends that would have been received on those stocks. In other cases, the counterparty and the Fund may each agree to pay the difference between the relative investment performances that would have been achieved if the notional amount of the equity swap contract had been invested in different stocks (or a group of stocks).
A volatility swap is an agreement between two parties to
make payments based on changes in the volatility of a reference instrument over a stated period of time. Volatility swaps can be used to adjust the volatility profile of
the Fund. For example, the Fund may buy a volatility swap to take the position that the reference instrument’s volatility will increase over a stated period of
time. If this occurs, the Fund will receive a payment based upon the amount by which the realized volatility level of the reference instrument exceeds an agreed upon volatility level. If volatility is less than the agreed upon volatility level, then the Fund will make a payment to the counterparty calculated in the same manner. A variance swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange cash payments
based on changes in the variance of a
reference instrument over a stated period of time. Volatility is the mathematical square root of variance, and variance swaps are used for similar purposes as volatility
swaps.
An inflation swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to pay the cumulative percentage increase in a reference inflation index (e.g., the Consumer Price Index) and the other party agrees to pay a compounded fixed rate over a stated period of time. In an inflation asset swap, the reference instrument is a bond with a value that is tied to inflation (e.g., Treasury Inflation-Protected Security) and one party pays the cash flows from the reference instrument in exchange for a payment based on a fixed rate from the other party. Each Fund may enter into inflation swaps and inflation asset swaps to protect the Fund against changes in the rate of inflation.
A correlation swap is an agreement in which two parties agree to
exchange cash payments based on the correlation between specified reference instruments over a set period of time. Two assets would be considered closely correlated if,
for example, their daily returns vary in similar proportions or along similar trajectories. For example, the Fund may enter into correlation swaps to change its exposure to increases or decreases in the correlation between prices or returns of different Fund holdings.
A swaption is an option to enter into a swap agreement. Like other types of options, the buyer of a swaption pays a non-refundable premium for the option and obtains the right, but not the obligation, to enter into or modify an underlying swap or to modify the terms of an existing swap on agreed-upon terms. The seller of a swaption, in exchange for the premium, becomes obligated (if the option is exercised) to enter into or modify an underlying swap on agreed-upon terms, which generally entails a greater risk of loss than incurred in buying a swaption. The purchase of an interest rate cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined interest rate, to receive payment of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling such interest rate cap. The purchase of an interest rate floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index falls below a predetermined interest rate, to receive payments of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling the interest rate floor. An interest rate collar is the combination of a cap and a floor that preserves a certain return within a predetermined range of interest rates.
A great deal of flexibility may be possible in the way swap
transactions are structured. However, generally the Fund will enter into interest rate, total return, credit, mortgage and equity swaps on a net basis, which means that
the two payment streams are netted out, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. Interest rate, total return,
credit, mortgage and equity swaps do not normally involve the delivery of securities, other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to interest rate, total return, credit, mortgage and equity swaps is normally limited to the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an interest rate, total return, credit, mortgage or equity swap defaults, the Fund’s risk of loss consists of the net amount of interest payments that the Fund is contractually entitled to receive, if any.
In contrast, currency swaps usually involve the delivery of a
gross payment stream in one designated currency in exchange for a gross payment stream in another designated currency. Therefore, the entire payment stream under a
currency swap is subject to the risk that the other party to the swap will default on its contractual delivery obligations. A credit swap may have as reference obligations one or more securities that may, or may not, be currently held by the Fund. The protection “buyer” in a credit swap is generally obligated to pay the protection “seller” an upfront or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the swap provided that no credit event, such as a default, on a reference obligation has occurred. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the “par value” (full notional value) of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity described in the swap, or the seller may be required to deliver the related net cash amount, if the swap is cash settled. Each Fund may be either the protection buyer or seller in the transaction. If the Fund is a buyer and no credit event occurs, the Fund may recover nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a credit event occurs, the buyer generally may elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity whose value may have significantly decreased. As a seller, the Fund generally receives an upfront payment or a rate of income throughout the term of the swap provided that there is no credit event. As the seller, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap. If a credit event occurs, the value of any deliverable obligation received by the Fund as seller, coupled with the upfront or periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund.
As a result of recent
regulatory developments, certain standardized swaps are currently subject to mandatory central clearing and some of these cleared swaps must be traded on an exchange or
swap execution facility (“SEF”). A SEF is a trading platform in which multiple market participants can execute swap transactions by accepting bids and offers
made by multiple other participants on the platform. Transactions executed on a SEF may increase market transparency and liquidity but may cause the Fund to incur
increased expenses to execute swaps. Central clearing should decrease counterparty risk and increase liquidity compared to bilateral swaps because central clearing interposes the central clearinghouse as the counterparty to each participant’s swap. However, central clearing does not eliminate counterparty risk or liquidity risk entirely. In addition, depending on the size of the Fund and other factors, the margin required under the rules of a clearinghouse and by a clearing member may be in excess of the collateral required to be posted by the Fund to support its obligations under a similar bilateral swap. However, the CFTC and other applicable regulators have adopted rules imposing certain margin requirements, including minimums, on uncleared swaps which may result in the Fund and its counterparties posting higher margin amounts for uncleared swaps. Requiring margin on uncleared swaps may reduce, but not eliminate, counterparty credit risk.
The use of swaps and swaptions, as well as interest rate caps,
floors and collars, is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities
transactions. The use of a swap requires an understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of
observing the performance of the swap under all possible market
conditions.
In addition, these transactions can involve greater risks than if the Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly because, in addition to general market risks, swaps are subject to liquidity risk, counterparty risk, credit risk and pricing risk. Regulators also may impose limits on an entity’s or group of entities’ positions in certain swaps. However, certain risks are reduced (but not eliminated) if the Fund invests in cleared swaps. Bilateral swap agreements are two party contracts that may have terms of greater than seven days. Moreover, the Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap counterparty. Many swaps are complex and often valued subjectively. Swaps and other derivatives may also be subject to pricing or “basis” risk, which exists when the price of a particular derivative diverges from the price of corresponding cash market instruments. Under certain market conditions it may not be economically feasible to imitate a transaction or liquidate a position in time to avoid a loss or take advantage of an opportunity. If a swap transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid, it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
Certain rules also require centralized reporting of detailed
information about many types of cleared and uncleared swaps. This information is available to regulators and, to a more limited extent and on an anonymous basis, to the
public. Reporting of swap data may result in greater market transparency, which may be beneficial to funds that use swaps to implement trading strategies. However,
these rules place potential additional administrative obligations on these funds, and the safeguards established to protect anonymity may not function as expected.
The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a
large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As a result, the swap market has
become relatively liquid in comparison with the markets for other similar instruments which are traded in the interbank market. These and other factors discussed in the section above, titled “Illiquid Investments,” may impact the liquidity of investments in swaps.
Although many countries in Asia have experienced a relatively stable political environment over the last decade, there is no guarantee that such stability will be maintained in the future. As an emerging region, many factors may affect such stability on a country-by-country as well as on a regional basis – increasing gaps between the rich and poor, agrarian unrest, and stability of existing coalitions in politically-fractionated countries – and may result in adverse consequences to the Fund. The political history of some Asian countries has been characterized by political uncertainty, intervention by the military in civilian and economic spheres, and political corruption. Such developments, if they continue to occur, could reverse favorable trends toward market and economic reform, privatization, and removal of trade barriers, and could result in significant disruption to securities markets.
The legal
infrastructure in each of the countries in Asia is unique and often undeveloped. In most cases, securities laws are evolving and far from adequate for the protection of
the public from serious fraud. Investment in Asian securities involves considerations and possible risks not typically involved with investment in other issuers,
including changes in governmental administration or economic or monetary policy or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. The application of tax laws (e.g., the imposition of withholding taxes on dividend or interest payments) or confiscatory taxation may also affect investment in Asian securities. Higher expenses may result from investments in Asian securities than would from investments in other securities because of the costs that must be incurred in connection with conversions between various currencies and brokerage commissions that may be higher than more established markets. Asian securities markets also may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental supervision than elsewhere. Investments in countries in the region could be affected by other factors not present elsewhere, including lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, inadequate settlement procedures and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations.
Certain countries in Asia are especially prone to natural
disasters, such as flooding, drought and earthquakes. Combined with the possibility of man-made disasters, the occurrence of such disasters may adversely affect companies
in which the Fund is invested and, as a result, may result in adverse consequences to the Fund.
Many of the countries in Asia periodically have experienced significant inflation. Should the governments and central banks of the countries in Asia fail to control inflation, this may have an adverse effect on the performance of the Fund's investments in Asian securities. Several of the countries in Asia remain dependent on the U.S. economy as their largest export customer, and future barriers to entry into the U.S. market or other important markets could adversely affect the Fund's performance. Intraregional trade is becoming an increasingly significant percentage of total trade for the countries in Asia. Consequently, the intertwined economies are becoming increasingly dependent on each other, and any barriers to entry to markets in Asia in the future may adversely affect the Fund's performance.
Certain Asian countries may have managed currencies which are
maintained at artificial levels to the U.S. dollar rather than at levels determined by the market. This type of system can lead to sudden and large adjustments in the
currency which, in turn, can have a disruptive and negative effect on foreign investors. Certain Asian countries also may restrict the free conversion of their currency into foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar. There is no significant foreign exchange market for certain currencies, and it would, as a result, be difficult to engage in foreign currency transactions designed to protect the value of the Fund's interests in securities denominated in such currencies.
Although the Fund will generally attempt to invest in those
markets which provide the greatest freedom of movement of foreign capital, there is no assurance that this will be possible or that certain countries in Asia will not
restrict the movement of foreign capital in the future. Changes in securities laws and foreign ownership laws may have an adverse effect on the Fund.
The Australian economy is heavily dependent on the economies of Asia, Europe and the U.S. as key trading partners, and in particular, on the price and demand for agricultural products and natural resources. By total market capitalization, the Australian stock market is small relative to the U.S. stock market and issues may trade with lesser liquidity, although Australia’s stock market is the largest and most liquid in the Asia-Pacific region (ex-Japan). Australian reporting, accounting and auditing standards differ substantially from U.S. standards. In general, Australian corporations do not provide all of the disclosure required by U.S. law and accounting practice, and such disclosure may be less timely and less frequent than that required of U.S. companies.
Investing in Central and South American Countries
The Fund may invest in issuers located in Central and South American countries. Securities markets in Central and South American countries may experience greater volatility than in other emerging countries. In addition, a number of Central and South American countries are among the largest emerging country debtors. There have been moratoria on, and reschedulings of, repayment with respect to these debts. Such events can restrict the flexibility of these debtor nations in the international markets and result in the imposition of onerous conditions on their economies.
Many of the currencies
of Central and South American countries have experienced steady devaluation relative to the U.S. dollar, and major devaluations have historically occurred in certain
countries. Any devaluations in the currencies in which the Fund's portfolio securities are denominated may have a detrimental impact on the Fund. There is also a risk
that certain Central and South American countries may restrict the free conversion of their currencies into other currencies. Some Central and South American countries may have managed currencies which are not free floating against the U.S. dollar. This type of system can lead to sudden and large adjustments in the currency that, in turn, can have a disruptive and negative effect on foreign investors. Certain Central and South American currencies may not be internationally traded and it would be difficult for the Fund to engage in foreign currency transactions designed to protect the value of the Fund's interests in securities denominated in such currencies.
The emergence of the Central and South American economies and securities markets will require continued economic and fiscal discipline that has been lacking at times in the past, as well as stable political and social conditions. Governments of many Central and South American countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. The political history of certain Central and South American countries has been characterized by political uncertainty, intervention by the military in civilian and economic spheres and political corruption. Such developments, if they were to recur, could reverse favorable trends toward market and economic reform, privatization and removal of trade barriers.
International economic conditions, particularly those in the United States, as well as world prices for oil and other commodities may also influence the recovery of the Central and South American economies. Because commodities such as oil, gas, minerals and metals represent a significant percentage of the region’s exports, the economies of Central and South American countries are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. As a result, the economies in many of these countries can experience significant volatility.
Certain Central and South American countries have entered into
regional trade agreements that would, among other things, reduce barriers among countries, increase competition among companies and reduce government subsidies in certain
industries. No assurance can be given that these changes will result in the economic stability intended. There is a possibility that these trade arrangements will not be implemented, will be implemented but not completed or will be completed but then partially or completely unwound. It is also possible that a significant participant could choose to abandon a trade agreement, which could diminish its credibility and influence.
Any of these occurrences could have adverse effects on the
markets of both participating and non-participating countries, including share appreciation or depreciation of participant’s national currencies and a significant
increase in exchange rate volatility, a resurgence in economic protectionism, an undermining of confidence in the Central and South American markets, an undermining
of Central and South American economic stability, the collapse or slowdown of the drive toward Central and South American economic unity, and/or reversion of the attempts to lower government debt and inflation rates that were introduced in anticipation of such trade agreements.
Such developments could have an adverse impact on the Fund's
investments in Central and South America generally or in specific countries participating in such trade agreements.
Investing in Eastern Europe
The Fund may invest in issuers located in Eastern Europe. Most Eastern European countries had a centrally planned, socialist economy for a substantial period of time. The governments of many Eastern European countries have more recently been implementing reforms directed at political and economic liberalization, including efforts to decentralize the economic decision-making process and move towards a market economy. However, business entities in many Eastern European countries do not have an extended history of operating in a market-oriented economy, and the ultimate impact of Eastern European countries’ attempts to move toward more market-oriented economies is currently unclear. In addition, any change in the leadership or policies of Eastern European countries may halt the expansion of or reverse the liberalization of foreign investment policies now occurring and adversely affect existing investment opportunities.
Where the Fund invests in securities issued by companies
incorporated in or whose principal operations are located in Eastern Europe, other risks may also be encountered. Legal, political, economic and fiscal uncertainties in
Eastern European markets may
affect the value of the Fund's
investment in such securities. The currencies in which these investments may be denominated may be unstable, may be subject to significant depreciation and may not be
freely convertible. Existing laws and regulations may not be consistently applied. The markets of the countries of Eastern Europe are still in the early stages of their
development, have less volume, are less highly regulated, are less liquid and experience greater volatility than more established markets. Settlement of transactions may be subject to delay and administrative uncertainties. Custodians are not able to offer the level of service and safekeeping, settlement and administration services that is customary in more developed markets, and there is a risk that the Fund will not be recognized as the owner of securities held on its behalf by a sub-custodian.
Investing in Emerging Countries
Emerging Markets Equity Securities. The securities markets of
emerging countries are less liquid and subject to greater price volatility, and have a smaller market capitalization, than the U.S. securities markets. In certain
countries, there may be fewer publicly traded securities and the market may be dominated by a few issuers or sectors. Issuers and securities markets in such countries are
not subject to as stringent, extensive and frequent accounting, auditing, financial and other reporting requirements or as comprehensive government regulations as are issuers and securities markets in the U.S., and the degree of cooperation between issuers in emerging and frontier market countries with foreign and U.S. financial regulators may vary significantly. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of emerging country issuers may not reflect their financial position or results of operations in the same manner as financial statements for U.S. issuers. Substantially less information may be publicly available about emerging country issuers than is available about issuers in the United States. In addition, U.S. regulators may not have sufficient access to adequately audit and oversee issuers. For example, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) is responsible for inspecting and auditing the accounting practices and products of U.S.-listed companies, regardless of the issuer’s domicile. However, certain emerging market countries do not provide sufficient access to the PCAOB to conduct its inspections and audits. As a result, U.S. investors, including the Fund, may be subject to risks associated with less stringent accounting oversight.
Emerging country securities markets are typically marked by a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as a high concentration of ownership of such securities by a limited number of investors. The markets for securities in certain emerging countries are in the earliest stages of their development. Even the markets for relatively widely traded securities in emerging countries may not be able to absorb, without price disruptions, a significant increase in trading volume or trades of a size customarily undertaken by institutional investors in the securities markets of developed countries. The limited size of many of these securities markets can cause prices to be erratic for reasons apart from factors that affect the soundness and competitiveness of the securities issuers. For example, prices may be unduly influenced by traders who control large positions in these markets. Additionally, market making and arbitrage activities are generally less extensive in such markets, which may contribute to increased volatility and reduced liquidity of such markets. The limited liquidity of emerging country securities may also affect the Fund’s ability to accurately value its portfolio securities or to acquire or dispose of securities at the price and time it wishes to do so or in order to meet redemption requests. In addition, emerging market countries are often characterized by limited reliable access to capital.
The Fund’s purchase and sale of portfolio
securities in certain emerging countries may be constrained by limitations as to daily changes in the prices of listed securities, periodic trading or settlement volume
and/or limitations on aggregate holdings of foreign investors. Such limitations may be computed based on the aggregate trading volume by or holdings of the Fund, the
Investment Adviser, its affiliates and their respective clients and other service providers. The Fund may not be able to sell securities in circumstances where price, trading or settlement volume limitations have been reached.
Market
Characteristics. Securities markets of emerging countries may also have
less efficient clearance and settlement procedures than U.S. markets, making it difficult to conduct and complete transactions. Delays in the settlement could result in
temporary periods when a portion of the Fund’s assets is uninvested and no return is earned thereon. Inability to make intended security purchases could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the portfolio security or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, could result in possible liability of the Fund to the purchaser.
Transaction costs, including brokerage commissions and dealer mark-ups, in emerging countries may be higher than in the U.S. and other developed securities markets. As legal systems in emerging countries develop, foreign investors may be adversely affected
by new or amended laws and regulations.
In circumstances where adequate laws exist, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of the law.
Custodial and/or settlement systems in emerging and frontier market countries may not be fully developed. To the extent a Fund invests in emerging markets, Fund assets that are traded in such markets and will have been entrusted to such sub-custodians in those markets may be exposed to risks for which the sub-custodian will have no liability.
With respect to investments in certain
emerging countries, antiquated legal systems may have an adverse impact on the Fund. For example, while the potential liability of a shareholder of a U.S. corporation
with respect to acts of the corporation is generally limited to the amount of the shareholder’s investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain
emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of investors of U.S. corporations, and it may be more difficult for shareholders to bring derivative litigation. Moreover, the legal remedies for investors in emerging markets may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States, and the ability of U.S. authorities (e.g., SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice) to bring actions against bad actors may be limited. In addition, emerging countries may have less established accounting and financial reporting systems than those in more developed markets.
Economic, Political and Social
Factors. Emerging countries may be subject to a greater degree of
economic, political and social instability than the United States, Japan and most Western European countries, and unanticipated political and social developments may affect the value of the Fund’s investments in emerging countries and the availability to the Fund of additional investments in such countries. Moreover, political and economic structures in many emerging countries may be undergoing significant evolution and rapid development. Instability may result from, among other things: (i) authoritarian governments or military involvement in political and economic decision-making, including changes or attempted changes in government through extra-constitutional means; (ii) popular unrest associated with demands for improved economic, political and social conditions; (iii) internal insurgencies; (iv) hostile relations with neighboring countries; (v) ethnic, religious and racial disaffection and conflict; and (vi) the absence of developed legal structures governing foreign private property. Many emerging countries have experienced in the past, and continue to experience, high rates of inflation. In certain countries, inflation has at times accelerated rapidly to hyperinflationary levels, creating a negative interest rate environment and sharply eroding the value of outstanding financial assets in those countries. The economies of many emerging countries are heavily dependent upon international trade and are accordingly affected by protective trade barriers and the economic conditions of their trading partners. In addition, the economies of some emerging countries may differ unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resources, self-sufficiency and balance of payments position.
The Fund may invest in issuers located in former “Eastern
bloc” countries. Most of these countries had a centrally planned, socialist economy for a substantial period of time. The governments of many of these countries
have more recently been implementing reforms directed at political and economic liberalization, including efforts to decentralize the economic decision-making process and move towards a market economy. However, business entities in many of these countries do not have an extended history of operating in a market-oriented economy, and the ultimate impact of these countries’ attempts to move toward more market-oriented economies is currently unclear. In addition, any change in the leadership or policies of these countries may halt the expansion of or reverse the liberalization of foreign investment policies now occurring and adversely affect existing investment opportunities.
In addition, because of ongoing regional armed conflict in
Europe, including a large-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022, Russia has been the subject of economic sanctions imposed by countries throughout the
world, including the United States. Such sanctions have included, among other things, freezing the assets of particular entities and persons. The imposition of sanctions and other similar measures could, among other things, cause a decline in the value and/or liquidity of securities issued by Russia or companies located in or economically tied to Russia, downgrades in the credit ratings of Russian securities or those of companies located in or economically tied to Russia, devaluation of Russia's currency, and increased market volatility and disruption in Russia and throughout the world. Sanctions and other similar measures, including banning Russia from global payments systems that facilitate cross-border payments, could limit or prevent the Fund from buying and selling securities (in Russia and other markets), significantly delay or prevent the settlement of securities transactions, and significantly impact the Fund's liquidity and performance. Sanctions could also result in Russia taking counter measures or retaliatory actions which may further impair the value and liquidity of Russian securities. Moreover, disruptions caused by Russian military action or other actions (including cyberattacks
and espionage) or resulting actual and
threatened responses to such activity, including cyberattacks on the Russian government, Russian companies or Russian individuals, including politicians, may impact
Russia's economy and Russian issuers of securities in which the Fund
invests.
Restrictions on Investment and Repatriation. Certain emerging
countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons or limit investments by foreign persons to only a specified percentage of an
issuer’s outstanding securities or a specific class of securities which may have less advantageous terms (including price) than securities of the issuer available
for purchase by nationals. The repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of securities sales from certain emerging countries is subject to certain restrictions which require governmental consent or prohibit repatriation entirely for a period of time, which may make it difficult for the Fund to invest in such emerging countries. The Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for such repatriation. Even where there is no outright restriction on repatriation of capital, the mechanics of repatriation may affect the operation of the Fund.
Emerging Country
Government Obligations. Emerging country governmental entities are among the largest debtors to commercial banks, foreign governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions. Certain emerging country governmental entities have not been able to make payments of interest on or principal of debt obligations as those payments have come due. Obligations arising from past restructuring agreements may affect the economic performance and political and social stability of those entities.
The ability of emerging country governmental entities to make
timely payments on their obligations is likely to be influenced strongly by the entity’s balance of payments, including export performance, and its access to
international credits and investments. An emerging country whose exports are concentrated in a few commodities could be vulnerable to a decline in the international
prices of one or more of those commodities. Increased protectionism on the part of an emerging country’s trading partners could also adversely affect the country’s exports and tarnish its trade account surplus, if any. To the extent that emerging countries receive payment for their exports in currencies other than dollars or non-emerging country currencies, the emerging country governmental entity’s ability to make debt payments denominated in dollars or non-emerging market currencies could be affected.
To the extent that an emerging country cannot generate a trade surplus, it must depend on continuing loans from foreign governments, multilateral organizations or private commercial banks, aid payments from foreign governments and on inflows of foreign investment. The access of emerging countries to these forms of external funding may not be certain, and a withdrawal of external funding could adversely affect the capacity of emerging country governmental entities to make payments on their obligations. In addition, the cost of servicing emerging country debt obligations can be affected by a change in international interest rates because the majority of these obligations carry interest rates that are adjusted periodically based upon international rates.
Another factor bearing on the ability of emerging countries to repay debt obligations is the level of international reserves of a country. Fluctuations in the level of these reserves affect the amount of foreign exchange readily available for external debt payments and thus could have a bearing on the capacity of emerging countries to make payments on these debt obligations.
As a result of the foregoing or other factors, a governmental obligor, especially in an emerging country, may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign government obligations to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of commercial bank debt will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign government obligations in the event of default under the commercial bank loan agreements.
These and other factors discussed in the section below, entitled
“Illiquid Investments,” may impact the liquidity of investments in issuers of emerging country securities.
The Fund may operate in euros and/or may hold euros and/or
euro-denominated bonds and other obligations. The euro requires participation of multiple sovereign states forming the Euro zone and is therefore sensitive to the credit,
general economic and
political position of each such state,
including each state’s actual and intended ongoing engagement with and/or support for the other sovereign states then forming the EU, in particular those within the
Euro zone. Changes in these factors might materially adversely impact the value of securities that the Fund has invested in.
European countries can be significantly affected by the tight fiscal and monetary controls that the European Economic and Monetary Union (“EMU”) imposes for membership. Europe’s economies are diverse, its governments are decentralized, and its cultures vary widely. Several EU countries, including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Portugal have faced budget issues, some of which may have negative long-term effects for the economies of those countries and other EU countries. There is continued concern about national-level support for the euro and the accompanying coordination of fiscal and wage policy among EMU member countries. Member countries are required to maintain tight control over inflation, public debt, and budget deficit to qualify for membership in the EMU. These requirements can severely limit the ability of EMU member countries to implement monetary policy to address regional economic conditions.
Geopolitical developments in Europe have caused, or may in the
future cause, significant volatility in financial markets. For example, in a June 2016 referendum, citizens of the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU. In March 2017,
the United Kingdom formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU (commonly known as “Brexit”) by invoking Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, which triggered a two-year period of negotiations on the terms of Brexit. Brexit has resulted in volatility in European and global markets and may also lead to weakening in political, regulatory, consumer, corporate and financial confidence in the markets of the United Kingdom and throughout Europe. The longer term economic, legal, political, regulatory and social framework between the United Kingdom and the EU remains unclear and may lead to ongoing political, regulatory and economic uncertainty and periods of exacerbated volatility in both the United Kingdom and in wider European markets for some time. Additionally, the decision made in the British referendum may lead to a call for similar referenda in other European jurisdictions, which may cause increased economic volatility in European and global markets. The mid-to long-term uncertainty may have an adverse effect on the economy generally and on the value of the Fund's investments. This may be due to, among other things: fluctuations in asset values and exchange rates; increased illiquidity of investments located, traded or listed within the United Kingdom, the EU or elsewhere; changes in the willingness or ability of counterparties to enter into transactions at the price and terms on which the Fund is prepared to transact; and/or changes in legal and regulatory regimes to which certain of the Fund's assets are or become subject. Fluctuations in the value of the British Pound and/or the Euro, along with the potential downgrading of the United Kingdom’s sovereign credit rating, may also have an impact on the performance of the Fund's assets or investments economically tied to the United Kingdom or Europe.
The full effects of Brexit will depend, in part, on whether the
United Kingdom is able to negotiate agreements to retain access to EU markets including, but not limited to, trade and finance agreements. Brexit could lead to legal and
tax uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. The extent of the impact of the withdrawal and the resulting economic arrangements in the United Kingdom and in global markets as well as any associated adverse consequences remain unclear, and the uncertainty may have a significant negative effect on the value of the Fund's investments. While certain measures have been proposed and/or implemented within the UK and at the EU level or at the member state level, which are designed to minimize disruption in the financial markets, it is not currently possible to determine whether such measures would achieve their intended effects.
On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU and
the United Kingdom entered a transition period that expired on December 31, 2020. On December 24, 2020, negotiators representing the United Kingdom and the EU came to a
preliminary trade agreement, the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (“TCA”), which is an agreement on the terms governing certain aspects of the EU’s and United Kingdom’s relationship following the end of the transition period. However, many aspects of the UK-EU trade relationship remain subject to further negotiation. Due to political uncertainty, it is not possible to anticipate the form or nature of the future trading relationship between the United Kingdom and the
EU.
Other economic challenges facing the region include high levels of public debt, significant rates of unemployment, aging populations, and heavy regulation in certain economic sectors. European policy makers have taken unprecedented steps to respond to the economic crisis and to boost growth in the region, which has increased the risk that regulatory uncertainty could negatively affect the value of the Fund's investments.
Certain countries have
applied to become new member countries of the EU, and these candidate countries’ accessions may become more controversial to the existing EU members. Some member
states may repudiate certain candidate countries joining the EU upon concerns about the possible economic, immigration and cultural implications. Also, Russia may be
opposed to the expansion of the EU to members of the former Soviet bloc and may, at times, take actions that could negatively impact EU economic activity.
Investing in Greater China
Investing in Greater China (Mainland China, Hong Kong and
Taiwan) involves a high degree of risk and special considerations not typically associated with investing in other more established economies or securities markets. Such
risks may include: (a) greater social, economic and political uncertainty (including the risk of armed conflict); (b) the risk of nationalization or expropriation of
assets or confiscatory taxation; (c) dependency on exports and the corresponding importance of international trade; (d) the imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers by the U.S. or foreign governments on exports from Mainland China and retaliatory measures taken by the Chinese government; (e) increasing competition from Asia’s other low-cost emerging economies and territorial and other disputes with other countries; (f) greater price volatility and smaller market capitalization of securities markets; (g) decreased liquidity, particularly of certain share classes of Chinese securities; (h) currency exchange rate fluctuations (with respect to investments in Mainland China and Taiwan) and the lack of available currency hedging instruments; (i) higher rates of inflation; (j) controls on foreign investment and limitations on repatriation of invested capital and on the Fund's ability to exchange local currencies for U.S. dollars; (k) greater governmental involvement in and control over the economy; (l) Chinese regulators may suspend trading in Chinese issuers (or permit such issuers to suspend trading) during market disruptions; (m) uncertainty regarding the People’s Republic of China’s (“PRC”) commitment to economic reforms; (n) the fact that Chinese companies may be smaller, less seasoned and newly-organized companies; (o) the differences in, or lack of, auditing and financial reporting standards which may result in unavailability of material information about issuers; (p) the fact that statistical information regarding the economy of Greater China may be inaccurate or not comparable to statistical information regarding the U.S. or other economies; (q) less extensive, and still developing, legal systems and regulatory frameworks regarding the securities markets, business entities and commercial transactions; (r) the fact that the settlement period of securities transactions in foreign markets may be longer; (s) the fact that it may be more difficult, or impossible, to obtain and/or enforce a judgment than in other countries; and (t) the rapid and erratic nature of growth, particularly in the PRC, resulting in inefficiencies and dislocations.
Mainland
China. Investments in Mainland China are subject to the risks associated with greater governmental control over the economy, political and legal uncertainties and currency fluctuations or blockage. In particular, the Chinese Communist Party exercises significant control over economic growth in Mainland China through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.
Because the local legal system is still developing, it may be
more difficult to obtain or enforce judgments with respect to investments in Mainland China. Chinese companies may not be subject to the same disclosure, accounting,
auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as U.S. companies. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about Chinese companies than about most U.S. companies. Government supervision and regulation of Chinese stock exchanges, currency markets, trading systems and brokers may be more or less rigorous than that present in the U.S. The procedures and rules governing transactions and custody in Mainland China also may involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments. The imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers by the U.S. or other foreign governments on exports from Mainland China may also have an adverse impact on Chinese issuers and China’s economy as a whole.
Foreign investments in Mainland China are somewhat restricted.
Securities listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges are divided into two classes of shares: A Shares and B Shares. Ownership of A Shares is restricted to
Chinese investors, Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (“QFIIs”) who have obtained a QFII license, and participants in the Shanghai-Hong Kong and Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect programs (“Stock Connect”). B Shares may be owned by Chinese and foreign investors. The Fund may obtain exposure to the A share market in the PRC by investing directly in A shares through participation in Stock Connect, by investing in participatory notes issued by banks, broker-dealers and other financial institutions, or through other structured or derivative instruments (including Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)) that are designed to replicate, or otherwise provide
exposure to, the performance of A shares
of Chinese companies. The Fund may also invest directly in B shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges.
As a result of investing in the PRC, the Fund may be subject to withholding and various other taxes imposed by the PRC, including value added tax and withholding taxes levied on cash dividends, distributions and interest payments from companies listed in the PRC to foreign investors, unless the withholding tax can be reduced by an applicable income tax treaty.
The tax law and regulations of the PRC are constantly changing, and they may be changed with retrospective effect to the advantage or disadvantage of shareholders. Any changes in the tax law and regulations of the PRC, future clarifications thereof, and/or subsequent retroactive enforcement by the PRC tax authorities may result in a loss which could be material to the Fund. There is a risk the PRC tax authorities may withdraw any tax exemptions that may be applicable to the Fund in the future and seek to collect taxes realized on the sale of investments without giving any prior notice. If any such tax exemptions are withdrawn, any taxes may be directly borne by or indirectly passed on to the Fund and may result in a substantial impact to its net asset value. As with any net asset value adjustment, shareholders may be advantaged or disadvantaged depending on when the shareholders purchased and/or sell their shares of the Fund. There will be no retrospective restatement of the Fund’s net asset value. The interpretation and applicability of the tax law and regulations by tax authorities may not be as consistent and transparent as those of more developed nations, and may vary from region to region. It should also be noted that any provision for taxation made by the Investment Adviser may be excessive or inadequate to meet final tax liabilities. Consequently, shareholders may be advantaged or disadvantaged depending upon the final tax liabilities, the level of provision and when they purchased and/or sold their shares of the Fund.
Hong Kong. Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of
the PRC. Since Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty in 1997, it has been governed by the Basic Law, a “quasi-constitution.” The Basic Law guarantees a
high degree of autonomy in certain matters, including economic matters, until 2047. Attempts by the government of the PRC to exert greater control over Hong Kong’s
economic, political or legal structures or its existing social policy, could negatively affect investor confidence in Hong Kong, which in turn could negatively affect markets and business performance.
In addition, the Hong Kong dollar trades within a fixed trading
band rate to (or is “pegged” to) the U.S. dollar. This fixed exchange rate has contributed to the growth and stability of the economy, but could be
discontinued. It is uncertain what effect any discontinuance of the currency peg and the establishment of an alternative exchange rate system would have on the Hong
Kong economy.
Taiwan. The prospect of political reunification of the PRC and Taiwan has engendered hostility between the two regions’ governments. This situation poses a significant threat to Taiwan’s economy, as heightened conflict could potentially lead to distortions in Taiwan’s capital accounts and have an adverse impact on the value of investments throughout Greater China.
Investing through Stock Connect
The ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF may invest in eligible securities (“Stock Connect Securities”) listed and traded on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges through the Stock Connect program. Stock Connect is a mutual market access program that allows Chinese investors to trade Stock Connect Securities listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange via Chinese brokers and non-Chinese investors (such as the Fund) to purchase certain Shanghai and Shenzhen-listed equities (“China A-Shares”) via brokers in Hong Kong. Although Stock Connect allows non-Chinese investors to trade Chinese equities without obtaining a special license (in contrast to earlier direct investment programs), purchases of securities through Stock Connect are subject to market-wide trading volume and market cap quota limitations, which may prevent the Fund from purchasing Stock Connect Securities and result in increased tracking error.
The eligibility of China A-Shares to be accessed through Stock
Connect is subject to change by Chinese regulators. Only certain securities are accessible through Stock Connect and such eligibility may be revoked at any time,
resulting in the Fund’s inability to add to (but not subtract from) any existing positions in Stock Connect Securities. There can be no assurance that further
regulations will not affect the availability of securities in the program or impose other limitations.
Because Stock Connect
is relatively new, its effects on the market for trading China A-Shares are uncertain. In addition, the trading, settlement and information technology systems used to
operate Stock Connect are relatively new and are continuing to evolve. In the event that these systems do not function properly, trading through Stock Connect could be
disrupted.
Stock Connect is subject to regulation by both Hong Kong and China. Regulators in both jurisdictions may suspend or terminate Stock Connect trading in certain circumstances. In addition, Chinese regulators have previously suspended trading in Chinese issuers (or permitted such issuers to suspend trading) during market disruptions and may do so again in the event of future disruptions and/or various company-specific events. Such suspensions may be widespread and may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to trade Stock Connect Securities during periods of heightened market volatility. There can be no assurance that any such suspensions or terminations will not be exercised against certain market participants.
Stock Connect transactions are not subject to the
investor protection programs of the Hong Kong, Shanghai or Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, though established Hong Kong law may provide other remedies as to any default by a
Hong Kong broker. In China, Stock Connect Securities are held on behalf of ultimate investors (such as the Fund) by the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“HKSCC”) as nominee. Although Chinese regulators have affirmed that ultimate investors hold a beneficial interest in Stock Connect Securities, the legal mechanisms available to beneficial owners for enforcing their rights are untested and therefore may expose ultimate investors to risks. Further, Chinese law surrounding the rights of beneficial owners of securities is relatively underdeveloped and courts in China have relatively limited experience in applying the concept of beneficial ownership. As the law continues to evolve, there is a risk that the Fund’s ability to enforce its ownership rights may be uncertain, which could subject the Fund to significant losses.
The Fund may be unable to participate in corporate actions
affecting Stock Connect Securities due to time constraints or for other operational reasons. In addition, the Fund will not be able to vote in shareholders’
meetings except through HKSCC and will not be able to attend shareholders’ meetings.
Trades in Stock Connect Securities are subject to certain pre-trade requirements and checks designed to confirm that, for purchases, there is sufficient Stock Connect quota to complete the purchase, and, for sales, the seller has sufficient Stock Connect Securities to complete the sale. Investment quota limitations are subject to change. In addition, these pre-trade requirements may, in practice, limit the number of brokers that the Fund may use to execute trades. While the Fund may use special segregated accounts in lieu of pre-trade requirements and checks, some market participants in Stock Connect Securities, either in China or others investing through Stock Connect or other foreign direct investment programs, have yet to fully implement information technology systems necessary to complete trades involving shares in such accounts in a timely manner. Market practice with respect to special segregated accounts is continuing to evolve.
The Fund will not be able to buy or sell Stock Connect
Securities when either the Chinese and Hong Kong markets are closed for trading, and the Chinese and/or Hong Kong markets may be closed for trading for extended periods
of time because of local holidays. When the Chinese and Hong Kong markets are not both open on the same day, the Fund may be unable to buy or sell a Stock Connect Security at the desired time. Stock Connect trades are settled in Renminbi (RMB), the official Chinese currency, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be
guaranteed.
The Fund and the Investment Adviser (on behalf of itself and its other clients) will also be subject to restrictions on trading (including restriction on retention of proceeds) in China A-Shares as a result of their interest in China A-Shares and are responsible for compliance with all notifications, reporting and other applicable requirements in connection with such interests. For example, under current Chinese law, once an investor (and, potentially, related investors) holds up to 5% of the shares of a Chinese-listed company, the investor is required to disclose its interest within three days in accordance with applicable regulations and during the reporting period it cannot trade the shares of that company. The investor is also required to disclose any change in its holdings and comply with applicable trading restrictions in accordance with Chinese law.
Trades in Stock Connect Securities may also
be subject to various fees, taxes and market charges imposed by Chinese market participants and regulatory authorities. These fees may result in greater trading expenses,
which could be borne by the Fund.
The risks related to
investments in China A Shares through Stock Connect are heightened to the extent that the Fund invests in China A Shares listed on the Science and Technology Innovation
Board of the Shanghai Stock Exchange (“STAR Market”) and/or the ChiNext Market of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“ChiNext Market”). Listed companies
on the STAR Market and ChiNext Market are usually of an emerging nature with smaller operating scale. They are subject to higher fluctuation in stock prices and
liquidity. It may be more common and faster for companies listed on the STAR Market and ChiNext Market to delist.
Investing through VIEs. A Fund may obtain exposure to
companies based or operated in the PRC by investing through legal structures known as VIEs. Because of Chinese governmental restrictions on non-Chinese ownership of
companies in certain industries in the PRC certain Chinese companies have used VIEs to facilitate foreign investment without distributing direct ownership of companies based or operated in the PRC. In such cases, the Chinese operating company establishes an offshore company, and the offshore company enters into contractual arrangements (such as powers of attorney, equity pledge agreements and other services or business cooperation agreements) with the operating company. These contractual arrangements are intended to give the offshore company the ability to exercise power over and obtain economic rights from the operating company. Shares of the offshore company, in turn, are listed and traded on exchanges outside of the PRC and are available to non-Chinese investors such as a Fund. This arrangement allows non-Chinese investors in the offshore company to obtain economic exposure to the Chinese company without direct equity ownership in the Chinese company. The VIE contractual arrangements permit the VIE structure to consolidate its financial statements with those of the underlying Chinese company. The offshore companies in VIE structures may be constituents of an index whose returns a Fund seeks to track. To the extent a Fund declines or is otherwise unable to seek exposure to companies based or operated in the PRC through VIE structures, the Fund may experience tracking error against its underlying index.
On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) released the “Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies” (the “Trial Measures”) which went into effect on March 31, 2023. The Trial Measures and its implementing guidelines require Chinese companies that pursue listings outside of Mainland China, including those that do so using the VIE structure, to make a filing with the CSRC. While the Trial Measures and its implementing guidelines do not prohibit the use of VIE structures, they do not serve as a formal endorsement either. There is a risk that the PRC may cease to tolerate VIEs at any time or impose new restrictions on the structure, in each case either generally or with respect to specific industries, sectors or companies. Investments involving a VIE may also pose additional risks because such investments are made through a company whose interests in the underlying operating company are established through contract rather than through direct equity ownership. For example, in the event of a dispute, the offshore company’s contractual claims with respect to the operating company may be deemed unenforceable in the PRC, thus limiting (or eliminating) the remedies and rights available to the offshore company and its investors (such as a Fund). Such legal uncertainty may also be exploited against the interests of the offshore company and its investors. Further, the interests of the equity owners of the operating company may conflict with the interests of the investors of the offshore company, and the fiduciary duties of the officers and directors of the operating company may differ from, or conflict with, the fiduciary duties of the officers and directors of the offshore company. Foreign companies listed on U.S. exchanges, including offshore companies that utilize a VIE structure, also could face delisting or other ramifications for failure to meet the requirements of the SEC, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) or other U.S. regulators. Any of the foregoing risks and events could negatively impact a Fund’s performance. Additionally, investment in a VIE structure subjects a Fund to the risks associated with the underlying Chinese company, which could also negatively impact the Fund’s performance.
Japan’s economy is heavily dependent upon international trade and is especially sensitive to any adverse effects arising from trade tariffs and other protectionist measures, as well as the economic condition of its trading partners. Japan’s high volume of exports has caused trade tensions with Japan’s primary trading partners, particularly with the United States. The relaxing of official and de facto barriers to imports, or hardships created by the actions of trading partners, could adversely affect Japan’s economy. Because the Japanese economy is so dependent on exports, any fall-off in exports may be seen as a sign of economic weakness, which may adversely affect Japanese markets.
In addition, Japan’s export industry, its most important
economic sector, depends heavily on imported raw materials and fuels, including iron ore, copper, oil and many forest products. Japan has historically depended on oil for
most of its energy requirements. Almost all of its oil is imported, the majority from the Middle East. In the past, oil prices have had a major impact on the domestic
economy, but more recently Japan has worked to reduce its dependence on oil by encouraging energy conservation and use of
alternative fuels. However, Japan
remains sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices, and a substantial rise in world oil or commodity prices could have a negative effect on its economy.
The Japanese yen has fluctuated widely during recent periods and may be affected by currency volatility elsewhere in Asia, especially Southeast Asia. In addition, the yen has had a history of unpredictable and volatile movements against the U.S. dollar. A weak yen is disadvantageous to U.S. shareholders investing in yen-denominated securities. A strong yen, however, could be an impediment to strong continued exports and economic recovery, because it makes Japanese goods sold in other countries more expensive and reduces the value of foreign earnings repatriated to Japan.
The performance of the global economy could have a major
impact upon equity returns in Japan. As a result of the strong correlation with the economy of the U.S., Japan’s economy and its stock market are vulnerable to any
unfavorable economic conditions in the U.S. and poor performance of U.S. stock markets. The growing economic relationship between Japan and its other neighboring countries in the Southeast Asia region, especially China, also exposes Japan’s economy to changes to the economic climates in those countries.
Like many developed countries, Japan faces challenges to its
competitiveness. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s and Japan’s economy fell into a long recession. After a few years of mild recovery in the mid-2000s, the
Japanese economy fell into another recession in part due to the recent global economic crisis. This economic recession was likely compounded by an unstable financial
sector, low domestic consumption, and certain corporate structural weaknesses, which remain some of the major issues facing the Japanese economy. Japan is reforming its political process and deregulating its economy to address this situation. However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will succeed in making the performance of the Japanese economy more competitive.
Japan has experienced natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tidal waves, of varying degrees of severity. The risks of such phenomena, and the resulting damage, continue to exist and could have a severe and negative impact on the Fund’s holdings in Japanese securities. Japan also has one of the world’s highest population densities. A significant percentage of the total population of Japan is concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. Therefore, a natural disaster centered in or very near to one of these cities could have a particularly devastating effect on Japan’s financial markets. Japan’s recovery from the recession has been affected by economic distress resulting from the earthquake and resulting tsunami that struck northeastern Japan in March 2011 causing major damage along the coast, including damage to nuclear power plants in the region. Since the earthquake, Japan’s financial markets have fluctuated dramatically. The disaster caused large personal losses, reduced energy supplies, disrupted manufacturing, resulted in significant declines in stock market prices and resulted in an appreciable decline in Japan’s economic output. Although production levels are recovering in some industries as work is shifted to factories in areas not directly affected by the disaster, the timing of a full economic recovery is uncertain, and foreign business whose supply chains are dependent on production or manufacturing in Japan may decrease their reliance on Japanese industries in the future.
Investing in Russian securities is highly speculative and involves significant risks and special considerations not typically associated with investing in the securities markets of the U.S. and most other developed countries. Over the past century, Russia has experienced political, social and economic turbulence and has endured decades of communist rule under which tens of millions of its citizens were collectivized into state agricultural and industrial enterprises. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia’s government has been faced with the daunting task of stabilizing its domestic economy, while transforming it into a modern and efficient structure able to compete in international markets and respond to the needs of its citizens. However, to date, many of the country’s economic reform initiatives have floundered as the proceeds of International Monetary Fund and other economic assistance have been squandered or stolen. In this environment, there is always the risk that the nation’s government will abandon the current program of economic reform and replace it with radically different political and economic policies that would be detrimental to the interests of foreign investors. This could entail a return to a centrally planned economy and nationalization of private enterprises similar to what existed under the old Soviet Union.
Poor accounting standards, inept management, pervasive
corruption, insider trading and crime, and inadequate regulatory protection for the rights of investors all pose a significant risk, particularly to foreign investors. A
Fund also may experience difficulty in obtaining and/or enforcing judgments in Russia. In addition, there is the risk that the Russian tax system will not be reformed to
prevent inconsistent, retroactive,
and/or exorbitant taxation, or, in the alternative, the risk that a reformed tax system may result in the inconsistent and unpredictable enforcement of the new tax
laws.
Compared to most national stock markets, the Russian securities market suffers from a variety of problems not encountered in more developed markets. There is little long-term historical data on the Russian securities market because it is relatively new and a substantial proportion of securities transactions in Russia are privately negotiated outside of stock exchanges. The inexperience of the Russian securities market and the limited volume of trading in securities in the market may make obtaining accurate prices on portfolio securities from independent sources more difficult than in more developed markets. Additionally, because of less stringent auditing and financial reporting standards that apply to U.S. companies, there is little solid corporate information available to investors. As a result, it may be difficult to assess the value or prospects of an investment in Russian companies. Stocks of Russian companies also may experience greater price volatility than stocks of U.S. companies.
Because of the relatively recent formation
of the Russian securities market as well as the underdeveloped state of the banking and telecommunications systems, settlement, clearing and registration of securities
transactions are subject to significant risks. Prior to 2013, there was no central registration system for share registration in Russia and registration was carried out
by the companies themselves or by registrars located throughout Russia. These registrars were not necessarily subject to effective state supervision nor were they licensed with any governmental entity. In 2013, Russia implemented changes intended to enhance the efficiency and transparency of the Russian securities market and decrease risk of loss in connection with recording and transferring title to securities. However, more recently, Russia took actions that impact the custody of securities of Russian issuers and may be detrimental to a Fund's ability to locate and recover such securities. Russia may continue to take similar actions in the future. A Fund's investments in Russian securities may be subject to problems relating to custody, which can result in losses to the Fund.
The Russian economy is heavily dependent upon the export of a range of commodities including most industrial metals, forestry products, oil, and gas. Accordingly, it is strongly affected by international commodity prices and is particularly vulnerable to any weakening in global demand for these products.
Foreign investors also face a high degree of currency risk when
investing in Russian securities and a lack of available currency hedging instruments. In a surprise move in August 1998, Russia devalued the ruble, defaulted on
short-term domestic bonds, and imposed a moratorium on the repayment of its international debt and the restructuring of the repayment terms. These actions negatively affected Russian borrowers’ ability to access international capital markets and had a damaging impact on the Russian economy. In addition, there is the risk that the government may impose capital controls on foreign portfolio investments in the event of extreme financial or political crisis. Such capital controls would prevent the sale of a portfolio of foreign assets and the repatriation of investment income and capital.
Russia’s government has begun to take bolder steps,
including use of the military, to re-assert its regional geo-political influence. In February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine. These steps have
increased tensions between its neighbors and Western countries, which may adversely affect its economic growth. These developments may continue for some time and create
uncertainty in the region. Russia’s actions have induced the United States and other countries to impose economic sanctions and may result in additional sanctions in the future. Such sanctions, which impact many sectors of the Russian economy, may cause a decline in the value and liquidity of Russian securities and adversely affect the performance of the Fund or make it difficult for the Fund to achieve its investment objectives. In certain instances, sanctions and other similar measures could prohibit the Fund from buying or selling Russian securities, rendering any such securities held by the Fund unmarketable for an indefinite period of time. In addition, such sanctions, and the Russian government’s response, could result in a downgrade in Russia’s credit rating, devaluation of its currency and/or increased volatility with respect to Russian securities. Moreover, disruptions caused by Russian military action or other actions (including cyberattacks and espionage) or resulting actual and threatened responses to such activity, including purchasing and financing restrictions, boycotts or changes in consumer or purchaser preferences, sanctions, tariffs or cyberattacks on the Russian government, Russian companies or Russian individuals, including politicians, may impact Russia’s economy and issuers of securities in which the Fund invests.
Investments in
Unseasoned Companies
The Fund may invest in companies (including predecessors) which have operated less than three years. The securities of such companies may have limited liquidity, which can result in their being priced higher or lower than might otherwise be the case. In addition, investments in unseasoned companies are more speculative and entail greater risk than do investments in companies with an established operating record.
Lending of Portfolio Securities
The Fund may lend its portfolio securities to brokers, dealers
and other institutions, including Goldman Sachs. By lending its securities, the Fund attempts to increase its net investment income. For additional information about the
Fund’s securities lending activities for the most recent fiscal year, if any, see the section of this SAI titled “SECURITIES LENDING”.
Securities loans are required to be secured continuously by collateral in cash, cash equivalents, letters of credit or U.S. Government Securities equal to at least 100% of the value of the loaned securities. This collateral must be valued, or “marked to market,” daily. Borrowers are required to furnish additional collateral to the Fund as necessary to fully cover their obligations to return the loaned securities on demand or at the end of the agreed loan period.
Investing the collateral subjects the Fund
to market depreciation or appreciation, and the Fund is responsible for any loss that may result from its investment of the collateral. Cash collateral may be invested
in, among other things, other registered or unregistered funds, including private investment funds or money market funds that are managed by the Investment Adviser or its
affiliates, and which pay the Investment Adviser or its affiliates for their services. If the Fund were to receive non-cash collateral, the Fund receives a fee from the borrower equal to a negotiated percentage of the market value of the loaned securities.
For the duration of any securities loan, the Fund will continue to receive the equivalent of the interest, dividends or other distributions paid by the issuer on the loaned securities. Although the Fund will not have the right to vote its loaned securities during the period of the loan, the Fund may attempt to recall a loaned security in anticipation of a vote if it desires to do so. A recall involves the termination of the securities loan. A Fund will have the right to terminate a securities loan at any time and if the Fund does so, it is entitled to receive the loaned securities within the normal and customary settlement time for securities transactions. While certain Goldman Sachs Funds (e.g., those managed by the Fundamental Equity Team) generally will seek to recall a loaned security for the purpose of voting, other Goldman Sachs Funds (e.g., those managed by the Quantitative Investment Strategies and Quantitative Equity Strategies Teams) generally will not seek to recall a loaned security for the purpose of voting. If a Fund attempts to recall a loaned security, there is no guarantee that any such recall request will be satisfied in time for the Fund to vote the shares in question.
Securities lending involves certain risks. The Fund may lose money on its investment of cash collateral, resulting in a loss of principal, or may fail to earn sufficient income on its investment to cover the fee or rebate it has agreed to pay the borrower. The Fund may incur losses in connection with its securities lending activities that exceed the value of the interest income and fees received in connection with such transactions. Securities lending also subjects the Fund to the risk of loss resulting from problems in the settlement and accounting process, and to additional credit, counterparty and market risk. These risks could be greater with respect to a Fund that loans non-U.S. securities. In addition, the Fund bears the risk that the value of the securities on loan will increase while they are on loan, or that the value of the collateral will decline during the period of the loan, and that the counterparty will not provide, or will delay in providing, additional collateral. The Fund also bears the risk that a borrower may fail to return loaned securities in a timely manner or at all, either because the borrower fails financially or for other reasons. If a borrower of securities fails financially, the Fund may also lose its rights in the collateral. The Fund could experience delays and costs in recovering loaned securities or in gaining access to and liquidating the collateral, which could result in actual financial loss and which could interfere with portfolio management decisions or the exercise of ownership rights in the loaned securities (including voting the loaned securities in question). If the Fund is not able to recover the loaned securities, the Fund may sell the collateral and purchase replacement securities in the market. However, the Fund will incur transaction costs on the purchase of replacement securities. These events could trigger adverse tax consequences for the Fund. In determining whether to lend securities or terminate a loan of securities to a particular borrower, the creditworthiness of the borrower will be considered and monitored throughout the period of the loan. Loans will only be made to firms deemed to be of good standing, and where the consideration that can be earned currently from
securities loans of this type is deemed
to justify the attendant risk. It is intended that the value of securities loaned by the Fund will not exceed one-third of the value of the Fund’s total assets
(including the loan collateral).
The Fund will consider the loaned securities as assets of the Fund, but will not consider any collateral as the Fund asset except when determining total assets for the purpose of the above one-third limitation. Loan collateral (including any investment of the collateral) is not subject to the percentage limitations stated elsewhere in this SAI or in the Prospectus regarding investing in fixed income securities and cash equivalents.
The Board of Trustees has approved each Fund’s
participation in a securities lending program and has adopted policies and procedures relating thereto. Certain Goldman Sachs Funds have retained an affiliate of the
Investment Adviser to serve as their securities lending agent. Certain Goldman Sachs Funds have retained an affiliate of the Investment Adviser to serve as their
securities lending agent.
For its services, the securities lending agent may receive a fee
from the Fund , including a fee based on the returns earned on the Fund’s investment of cash received as collateral for the loaned securities. In addition, the Fund
may make brokerage and other payments to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates in connection with the Fund’s portfolio investment transactions. The Fund’s Board of
Trustees periodically reviews reports on securities loan transactions for which a Goldman Sachs affiliate has acted as lending agent for compliance with the Fund’s securities lending procedures. Goldman Sachs may also be approved as a borrower under the Fund’s securities lending program, subject to certain conditions.
Options on Securities and Securities Indices and Foreign Currencies
Writing and Purchasing Call and Put Options on Securities and Securities Indices. The Fund may write (sell) call and put options on any securities in which it may invest or any
securities index consisting of securities in which it may invest. The Fund may write such options on securities that are listed on national domestic securities exchanges
or foreign securities exchanges or traded in the over-the-counter market. A call option written by the Fund obligates that Fund to sell specified securities to the holder
of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised on or before the expiration date. Depending upon the type of call option, the purchaser of a call option either (i) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the security over a fixed price (the “exercise price”) on a certain date in the future (the “expiration date”) or (ii) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the security over the exercise price at any time prior to the expiration of the option. If the purchaser exercises the option, the Fund pays the purchaser the difference between the price of the security and the exercise price of the option. The premium, the exercise price and the market value of the security determine the gain or loss realized by the Fund as the seller of the call option. The Fund can also repurchase the call option prior to the expiration date, ending its obligation. In this case, the cost of entering into closing purchase transactions will determine the gain or loss realized by the Fund. The Fund’s purpose in writing call options is to realize greater income than would be realized on portfolio securities transactions alone. However, the Fund may forego the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the underlying security.
A put option written by the Fund obligates the Fund to purchase
specified securities from the option holder at a specified price if the option is exercised on or before the expiration date.
The purpose of writing such options is to generate additional income for the Fund. However, in return for the option premium, the Fund accepts the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying securities at a price in excess of the securities’ market value at the time of purchase.
The Fund may terminate its obligations under an exchange-traded
call or put option by purchasing an option identical to the one it has written. Obligations under over-the-counter options may be terminated only by entering into an
offsetting transaction with the counterparty to such option. Such purchases are referred to as “closing purchase transactions.”
The Fund may also write (sell) call and put options on any securities index consisting of securities in which it may invest. Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash
settlement payments and does not involve
the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the
securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
The writing of options is a highly specialized
activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The use of options to seek to
increase total return involves the risk of loss if the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of fluctuations in securities prices or interest rates. The
successful use of options for hedging purposes also depends in part on the ability of the Investment Adviser to predict future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities markets. If the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of changes in securities prices or determination of the correlation between the securities indices on which options are written and purchased and the securities in the Fund’s investment portfolio, the investment performance of the Fund will be less favorable than it would have been in the absence of such options transactions. The writing of options could increase the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate and, therefore, associated brokerage commissions or spreads.
The Fund may also purchase put and call options on any
securities in which it may invest or any securities index consisting of securities in which it may invest. In addition, the Fund may enter into closing sale transactions
in order to realize gains or minimize losses on options it had purchased.
The Fund may purchase call options in
anticipation of an increase, or put options in anticipation of a decrease (“protective puts”), in the market value of securities or other instruments of the
type in which it may invest. The purchase of a call option would entitle the Fund, in return for the premium paid, to purchase specified securities or other instruments
at a specified price during the option period. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain on the purchase of a call option if, during the option period, the value of such
securities exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs; otherwise the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option. The purchase of a put option would entitle the Fund, in exchange for the premium paid, to sell specified securities or other instruments at a specified price during the option period. The purchase of protective puts is designed to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of the Fund’s securities or other instruments. Put options may also be purchased by the Fund for the purpose of affirmatively benefiting from a decline in the price of securities or other instruments which it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities or other instruments decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs; otherwise the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option. Gains and losses on the purchase of put options may be offset by countervailing changes in the value of the underlying portfolio securities or other instruments.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on securities indices for the same purposes as it may purchase options on securities. Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
Special Risks Associated with Options on Currency. An
exchange-traded option position may be closed out only on an options exchange that provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. Although the Fund will
generally purchase or write only those options for which there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an
exchange will exist for any particular option or at any particular time. For some options no secondary market on an exchange may exist. In such event, it might not be possible to effect closing transactions in particular options, with the result that the Fund would have to exercise its options in order to realize any profit and would incur transaction costs upon the sale of underlying securities pursuant to the exercise of its options. If the Fund as a call option writer is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction in a secondary market, it must sell the underlying currency (or security quoted or denominated in that currency) to the purchaser of the option if the option is exercised.
There is no assurance that higher-than-anticipated trading
activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain of the facilities of the relevant clearinghouse inadequate, and thereby result in the institution
by an exchange of special procedures which may interfere with the timely execution of customers’ orders.
Each applicable Fund
may purchase and write over-the-counter options. Trading in over-the-counter options is subject to the risk that the other party will be unable or unwilling to close out
options purchased or written by the Fund.
The amount of the premiums that the Fund may pay or receive, may be adversely affected as new or existing institutions, including other investment companies, engage in or increase their option purchasing and writing activities.
Writing and Purchasing Call and Put Options on Currency. The
Fund may write put and call options and purchase put and call options on foreign currencies in an attempt to protect against declines in the U.S. dollar value of foreign
portfolio securities and against increases in the U.S. dollar cost of foreign securities to be acquired. The Fund may also use options on currency to cross-hedge, which involves writing or purchasing options on one currency to seek to hedge against changes in exchange rates for a different currency with a pattern of correlation. As with other kinds of option transactions, however, the writing of an option on foreign currency will constitute only a partial hedge, up to the amount of the premium received. If an option that the Fund has written is exercised, the Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on foreign currency may constitute an effective hedge against exchange rate fluctuations; however, in the event of exchange rate movements adverse to the Fund’s position, the Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs. Options on foreign currencies may be traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges or over-the-counter. In addition, the Fund may purchase call options on currency to seek to increase total return.
A currency call option written by the Fund
obligates the Fund to sell specified currency to the holder of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. A
currency put option written by the Fund obligates the Fund to purchase specified currency from the option holder at a specified price if the option is exercised at any
time before the expiration date. The writing of currency options involves a risk that the Fund will, upon exercise of the option, be required to sell currency subject to a call at a price that is less than the currency’s market value or be required to purchase currency subject to a put at a price that exceeds the currency’s market value.
The Fund may terminate its obligations under a written call or
put option by purchasing an option identical to the one written. Such purchases are referred to as “closing purchase transactions.” The Fund may enter into
closing sale transactions in order to realize gains or minimize losses on purchased options.
The Fund may purchase call options on foreign currency in anticipation of an increase in the U.S. dollar value of currency in which securities to be acquired by the Fund are denominated or quoted. The purchase of a call option would entitle the Fund, in return for the premium paid, to purchase specified currency at a specified price during the option period. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of such currency exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs; otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The Fund may purchase put options in anticipation of a decline in the U.S. dollar value of currency in which securities in its portfolio are denominated or quoted (“protective puts”). The purchase of a put option would entitle the Fund, in exchange for the premium paid, to sell specified currency at a specified price during the option period. The purchase of protective puts is usually designed to offset or hedge against a decline in the U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s portfolio securities due to currency exchange rate fluctuations. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying currency decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to more than cover the premium and transaction costs; otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option. Gains and losses on the purchase of protective put options would tend to be offset by countervailing changes in the value of the underlying currency.
In addition to using options for the hedging purposes described
above, the Fund may use options on currency to seek to increase total return. The Fund may write (sell) put and call options on any currency in an attempt to realize
greater income than would be realized on portfolio securities transactions alone. However, in writing call options for additional income, the Fund may forego the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of the underlying currency. Also, when writing put options, the Fund accepts, in return for the option premium, the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying currency at a price in excess of the currency’s market value at the time of purchase.
The Fund may purchase
call options to seek to increase total return in anticipation of an increase in the market value of a currency. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the
option period, the value of such currency exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs. Otherwise the Fund would realize either no gain
or a loss on the purchase of the call option. Put options may be purchased by the Fund for the purpose of benefiting from a decline in the value of currencies which they do not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying currency decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to more than cover the premium and transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option.
Yield Curve Options. The Fund may enter into options on the yield “spread” or differential between two securities. Such transactions are referred to as “yield curve” options. In contrast to other types of options, a yield curve option is based on the difference between the yields of designated securities, rather than the prices of the individual securities, and is settled through cash payments. Accordingly, a yield curve option is profitable to the holder if this differential widens (in the case of a call) or narrows (in the case of a put), regardless of whether the yields of the underlying securities increase or decrease.
The Fund may purchase or write yield curve options for the same purposes as other options on securities. For example, the Fund may purchase a call option on the yield spread between two securities if the Fund owns one of the securities and anticipates purchasing the other security and wants to hedge against an adverse change in the yield spread between the two securities. The Fund may also purchase or write yield curve options in an effort to increase current income if, in the judgment of the Investment Adviser, the Fund will be able to profit from movements in the spread between the yields of the underlying securities. The trading of yield curve options is subject to all of the risks associated with the trading of other types of options. In addition, however, such options present a risk of loss even if the yield of one of the underlying securities remains constant, or if the spread moves in a direction or to an extent which was not anticipated.
Yield curve options are traded over-the-counter, and established
trading markets for these options may not exist.
Risks Associated with Options Transactions. There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on a domestic or foreign options exchange will
exist for any particular exchange-traded option or at any particular time. If the Fund is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction with respect to options it has
written, the Fund must sell the underlying securities to the purchasers of the options if the options are exercised. Similarly, if the Fund is unable to effect a closing
sale transaction with respect to options it has purchased, it will have to exercise the options in order to realize any profit and will incur transaction costs upon the
purchase or sale of underlying securities.
Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an
exchange include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an
exchange on opening or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of
options; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or the Options Clearing Corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange (or in that class or series of options) would cease to exist although outstanding options on that exchange that had been issued by the Options Clearing Corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
There can be no assurance that higher
trading activity, order flow or other unforeseen events will not, at times, render certain of the facilities of the Options Clearing Corporation or various exchanges
inadequate. Such events have, in the past, resulted in the institution by an exchange of special procedures, such as trading rotations, restrictions on certain types of
order or trading halts or suspensions with respect to one or more options. These special procedures may limit liquidity.
The Fund may purchase and sell both options that are traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges and options traded over-the-counter with broker-dealers and other types of institutions that make markets in these options. The ability to terminate over-the-counter options is more limited than with exchange-traded options and may involve the risk that the broker-dealers or financial institutions participating in such transactions will not fulfill their obligations.
Transactions by the
Fund in options will be subject to limitations established by each of the exchanges, boards of trade or other trading facilities on which such options are traded
governing the maximum number of options in each class which may be written or purchased by a single investor or group of investors acting in concert regardless of whether
the options are written or purchased on the same or different exchanges, boards of trade or other trading facilities or are held in one or more accounts or through one or
more brokers. Thus, the number of options which the Fund may write or purchase may be affected by options written or purchased by other investment advisory clients of the Investment Adviser. An exchange, board of trade or other trading facility may order the liquidation of positions found to be in excess of these limits, and it may impose certain other sanctions.
The writing and purchase of options is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The use of options to seek to increase total return involves the risk of loss if the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of fluctuations in securities prices or interest rates. The successful use of options for hedging purposes also depends in part on the ability of the Investment Adviser to manage future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities (or currency) markets. If the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of changes in securities prices or determination of the correlation between the securities or securities indices on which options are written and purchased and the securities in the Fund’s investment portfolio, the Fund may incur losses that it would not otherwise incur. The writing of options could increase the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate and, therefore, associated brokerage commissions or spreads.
Pooled Investment Vehicles
The Fund may invest in securities of pooled investment
vehicles including ETFs. The Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other expenses paid by pooled investment vehicles in which
it invests, in addition to the management fees (and other expenses) of the Fund. The Fund’s investments in pooled investment vehicles are subject to statutory
limitations prescribed by the Act, including in certain circumstances a prohibition on the Fund acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any other investment company, and a prohibition on investing more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets in securities of any one investment company or more than 10% of its total assets in the securities of all investment companies.
Subject to applicable law and/or pursuant to an exemptive rule adopted by the SEC or an exemptive order obtained from the SEC, the Fund may invest in other investment companies, including ETFs and money market funds, beyond the statutory limits described above or otherwise provided that certain conditions are met. Some of those other investment companies may be funds for which the Investment Adviser, or any of its affiliates, serves as investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. Although the Fund does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future, the Fund is authorized to invest substantially all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series thereof that has substantially the same investment objective, policies and fundamental restrictions as the Fund. Additionally, if the Fund serves as an “acquired fund” of another Goldman Sachs Fund or unaffiliated investment company, the Fund’s ability to invest in other investment companies and private funds may be limited and, under these circumstances, the Fund’s investments in other investment companies and private funds will be consistent with applicable law and/or exemptive rules adopted by or exemptive orders obtained from the SEC. For example, to the extent the Fund serves as an acquired fund in a fund of funds arrangement in reliance on Rule 12d1-4 under the Act, the Fund would be prohibited from purchasing or otherwise acquiring the securities of an investment company or private fund if, after such purchase or acquisition, the aggregate value of the Fund’s investments in such investment companies and private funds would exceed 10% of the value of the Fund’s total assets, subject to limited exceptions (including for investments in money market funds).
ETFs are shares of pooled investment
vehicles issuing shares which are traded like traditional equity securities on a stock exchange. An ETF generally represents a portfolio of securities or other assets,
which is often designed to track a particular market segment or index. An investment in an ETF, like one in any pooled investment vehicle, carries risks of its underlying
securities. An ETF may fail to accurately track the returns of the market segment or index that it is designed to track, and the price of an ETF's shares may fluctuate or lose money. In addition, because they, unlike other pooled investment vehicles, are traded on an exchange, ETFs are subject to the following risks: (i) the market price of the ETF's shares may trade at a premium or discount to the ETF's NAV; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF may not develop or be maintained; and (iii) there is no assurance that the requirements of the exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the ETF will continue to be met or remain unchanged. In the event substantial market or other disruptions affecting ETFs should occur in the future, the liquidity and value of the Fund's shares could also be substantially and adversely affected.
Preferred Stock,
Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights
The Fund may invest in preferred stock, warrants and stock purchase rights (“rights”) (in addition to
those acquired in units or attached to other securities). Preferred stocks are securities that represent an ownership interest providing the holder with claims on the issuer’s earnings and assets before common stock owners but after bond owners. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be accelerated by the holders of such preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default (such as a covenant default or filing of a bankruptcy petition) or other non-compliance by the issuer with the terms of the preferred stock. Often, however, on the occurrence of any such event of default or non-compliance by the issuer, preferred stockholders will be entitled to gain representation on the issuer’s board of directors or increase their existing board representation. In addition, preferred stockholders may be granted voting rights with respect to certain issues on the occurrence of any event of default.
Warrants and other rights are options to buy a stated number of
shares of common stock at a specified price at any time during the life of the warrant. The holders of warrants and rights have no voting rights, receive no dividends and
have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer.
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with counterparties that furnish collateral at least equal in value or market price to the amount of the repurchase obligation. The Fund may also enter into repurchase agreements involving obligations other than U.S. Government Securities, which may be subject to additional risks. A repurchase agreement is an arrangement under which the Fund purchases securities and the seller agrees to repurchase the securities within a particular time and at a specified price. Custody of the securities is maintained by the Fund's custodian (or subcustodian). The repurchase price may be higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to the Fund, or the purchase and repurchase prices may be the same, with interest at a stated rate due to the Fund together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to the Fund is unrelated to the interest rate on the security subject to the repurchase agreement.
For purposes of the Act and generally for tax purposes, a
repurchase agreement is deemed to be a loan from the Fund to the seller of the security. For other purposes, it is not always clear whether a court would consider the
security purchased by the Fund subject to a repurchase agreement as being owned by the Fund or as being collateral for a loan by the Fund to the seller. In the event
of commencement of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings with respect to the seller of the security before repurchase of the security under a repurchase agreement, the Fund may encounter delay and incur costs before being able to sell the security. Such a delay may involve loss of interest or a decline in value of the security. If the court characterizes the transaction as a loan and the Fund has not perfected a security interest in the security, the Fund may be required to return the security to the seller’s estate and be treated as an unsecured creditor of the seller. As an unsecured creditor, the Fund would be at risk of losing some or all of the principal and interest involved in the transaction.
Apart from the risk of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings,
there is also the risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the security. However, if the market value of the security subject to the repurchase agreement becomes less
than the repurchase price (including accrued interest), the Fund will direct the seller of the security to deliver additional securities so that the market value of all
securities subject to the repurchase agreement equals or exceeds the repurchase price. Certain repurchase agreements which provide for settlement in more than seven days can be liquidated before the nominal fixed term on seven days or less notice.
The Fund , together with other registered investment companies having management agreements with the Investment Adviser or its affiliates, may transfer uninvested cash balances into a single joint account, the daily aggregate balance of which will be invested in one or more repurchase agreements.
The Fund may purchase securities and other financial
instruments that are not registered or that are offered in an exempt non-public offering (“Restricted Securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933
Act"), including securities eligible for resale to “qualified institutional buyers” pursuant to Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. The purchase price and
subsequent valuation of
Restricted Securities may reflect a
discount from the price at which such securities trade when they are not restricted, because the restriction makes them less liquid. The amount of the discount from the
prevailing market price is expected to vary depending upon the type of security, the character of the issuer, the party who will bear the expenses of registering the
Restricted Securities and prevailing supply and demand conditions. These and other factors discussed in the section above, titled “Illiquid Investments,” may
impact the liquidity of investments in Restricted Securities.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may borrow money by entering into transactions called reverse repurchase agreements. Under these arrangements, the Fund may sell portfolio securities to dealers in U.S. Government Securities or members of the Federal Reserve System, with an agreement to repurchase the security on an agreed date, price and interest payment. These reverse repurchase agreements may involve foreign government securities. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the possible risk that the value of portfolio securities the Fund relinquishes may decline below the price the Fund must pay when the transaction closes. Borrowings may magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested resulting in an increase in the speculative character of the Fund’s outstanding shares.
Risks of Qualified Financial Contracts
Regulations adopted by federal banking regulators under the Dodd-Frank Act, which took effect throughout 2019, require that certain qualified financial contracts (“QFCs”) with counterparties that are part of U.S. or foreign global systemically important banking organizations be amended to include contractual restrictions on close-out and cross-default rights. QFCs include, but are not limited to, securities contracts, commodities contracts, forward contracts, repurchase agreements, securities lending agreements and swaps agreements, as well as related master agreements, security agreements, credit enhancements, and reimbursement obligations. If a covered counterparty of the Fund or certain of the covered counterparty’s affiliates were to become subject to certain insolvency proceedings, the Fund may be temporarily unable to exercise certain default rights, and the QFC may be transferred to another entity. These requirements may impact the Fund’s credit and counterparty risks.
Short sales are transactions in which a
Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security
to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at
such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay to the lender amounts equal to any dividend which accrues during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. There will also be other costs associated with short sales.
The Fund will incur a loss as a result of the short sale
if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will realize a gain if
the security declines in price between those dates. This result is the opposite of what one would expect from a cash purchase of a long position in a security. The amount
of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of any premium or amounts in lieu of interest the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale, and will be also decreased by any transaction or other costs.
Until a Fund replaces a borrowed security in connection with a short sale, the Fund will fully collateralize its position.
There is no guarantee that a Fund will be able to close out a short position at any particular time or at an acceptable price. During the time that a Fund is short a security, it is subject to the risk that the lender of the security will terminate the loan at a time when the Fund is unable to borrow the same security from another lender. If that occurs, the Fund may be “bought in” at the price required to purchase the security needed to close out the short position, which may be a disadvantageous price.
The Fund may engage in short sales against the box. As noted above, a short sale is made by selling a security the seller does not own. A short sale is “against the box” to the extent that the seller contemporaneously owns or has the right to obtain, at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. It may be entered into by the Fund, for example, to lock in a sales price for a security the Fund
does not wish to sell immediately. If
the Fund sells securities short against the box, it may protect itself from loss if the price of the securities declines in the future, but will lose the opportunity to
profit on such securities if the price rises.
If the Fund effects a short sale of securities at a time when it has an unrealized gain on the securities, it may be required to
recognize that gain as if it had actually sold the securities (as a “constructive sale”) on the date it effects the short sale. However, such constructive sale treatment may not apply if the Fund closes out the short sale with securities other than the appreciated securities held at the time of the short sale and if certain other conditions are satisfied. Uncertainty regarding the tax consequences of effecting short sales may limit the extent to which a Fund may effect short sales.
U.S. Government Securities
The Fund may invest in U.S. Government Securities, which are obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises (“U.S. Government Securities”). Some U.S. Government Securities (such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance) are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Others, such as obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises, are supported either by (i) the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, (ii) the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase certain obligations of the issuer or (iii) only the credit of the issuer. The U.S. Government is under no legal obligation, in general, to purchase the obligations of its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. No assurance can be given that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises in the future, and the U.S. Government may be unable to pay debts when due.
U.S. Government Securities include (to the extent consistent with the Act) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. Government, or its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. U.S. Government Securities may also include (to the extent consistent with the Act) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. Government or its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. The secondary market for certain of these participations is extremely limited. These and other factors discussed in the section above, entitled “Illiquid Investments,” may impact the liquidity of investments in these participations.
The Fund may also purchase U.S. Government Securities in private
placements and may also invest in separately traded principal and interest components of securities guaranteed or issued by the U.S. Treasury that are traded
independently under the separate trading of registered interest and principal of securities program (“STRIPS”). The Fund may also invest in zero coupon U.S.
Treasury securities and in zero coupon securities issued by financial institutions which represent a proportionate interest in underlying U.S. Treasury securities.
The high and rising national debt may adversely impact the U.S.
economy and securities in which the Funds may invest. Moreover, the total amount of debt the Treasury is authorized to incur is subject to a statutory limit. Once the
Treasury reaches the debt limit, Congress must raise, extend or otherwise modify the limit to enable the Treasury to incur additional debt to pay the obligations of the U.S. government, including principal and interest payments on certain U.S. Government Securities (such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds). Failure to, or potential failure to, increase the statutory debt limit could: increase the risk that the U.S. government defaults on payments on certain U.S. Government Securities; cause the credit rating of the U.S. government to be downgraded or increase volatility in both stock and bond markets; result in higher debt servicing payments by the U.S. government; reduce prices of Treasury securities; and/or increase the costs of certain kinds of
debt.
Inflation Protected Securities. The Funds may invest in inflation protected securities (“IPS”) of varying maturities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. and non-U.S. Government agencies and corporations, which are securities whose principal value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. The interest rate on IPS is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the bond this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. Although repayment of the greater of the adjusted or original bond principal upon maturity is guaranteed, the market value of IPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate.
The values of IPS
generally fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If
inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates will decline, leading to an increase in the value of IPS. In contrast, if nominal
interest rates were to increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates will rise, leading to a decrease in the value of IPS. If inflation is lower than
expected during the period the Fund holds IPS, the Fund may earn less on the IPS than on a conventional bond. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in the currency exchange rates), investors in IPS may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the bonds’ inflation measure. There can be no assurance that the inflation index for IPS will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services.
Any increase in principal value of IPS caused by an increase in
the consumer price index is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though the Fund holding IPS will not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a
result, the Fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company.
If the Fund invests in IPS, it will be required to treat as
original issue discount any increase in the principal amount of the securities that occurs during the course of its taxable year. If the Fund purchases such IPS that are
issued in stripped form, either as stripped bonds or coupons, it will be treated as if it had purchased a newly issued debt instrument having original issue
discount.
Because the Fund is required to distribute substantially all of its net investment income (including accrued original issue discount), the Fund’s investment in either zero coupon bonds or IPS may require it to distribute to shareholders an amount greater than the total cash income it actually receives. Accordingly, in order to make the required distributions, the Fund may be required to borrow or liquidate securities.
When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments
The Fund may purchase securities on a
when-issued basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis beyond the customary settlement time. These transactions involve a commitment by the Fund
to purchase or sell securities at a future date beyond the customary settlement time. The price of the underlying securities (usually expressed in terms of yield)
and the date when the securities will be delivered and paid for (the settlement date) are fixed at the time the transaction is negotiated. In addition, rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) include mandatory margin requirements that require the Fund to post collateral in connection with its TBA transactions. There is no similar requirement applicable to the Fund’s TBA counterparties. The required collateralization of TBA trades could increase the cost of TBA transactions to the Fund and impose added operational complexity. When-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions are negotiated directly with the other party, and such commitments are not traded on exchanges. The Fund will generally purchase securities on a when-issued basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, the Fund may dispose of or negotiate a commitment after entering into it. The Fund may also sell securities it has committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Fund on the settlement date. The Fund may realize capital gains or losses in connection with these transactions. For purposes of determining the Fund’s duration, the maturity of when-issued or forward commitment securities for fixed rate obligations will be calculated from the commitment date. Securities purchased or sold on a when-issued or forward commitment basis involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date or if the value of the security to be sold increases prior to the settlement date.
Zero Coupon, Deferred Interest, Pay-in-Kind and Capital Appreciation Bonds
The Fund may invest in zero coupon, deferred interest, pay-in-kind ("PIK") and capital appreciation bonds. Zero coupon, deferred interest and capital appreciation bonds are debt securities issued or sold at a discount from their face value and which do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or a specified date. The original issue discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or cash payment date, prevailing interest rates, the liquidity of the security and the perceived credit quality of the issuer. These securities also may take the form of debt securities that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, the coupons themselves or receipts or certificates representing interests in such stripped debt obligations or coupons.
PIK securities may be
debt obligations or preferred shares that provide the issuer with the option of paying interest or dividends on such obligations in cash or in the form of additional
securities rather than cash. Similar to zero coupon bonds and deferred interest bonds, PIK securities are designed to give an issuer flexibility in managing cash flow.
PIK securities that are debt securities can be either senior or subordinated debt and generally trade flat (i.e., without accrued interest). The trading price of PIK debt
securities generally reflects the market value of the underlying debt plus an amount representing accrued interest since the last interest payment.
The market prices of zero coupon, deferred interest, capital appreciation bonds and PIK securities generally are more volatile than the market prices of interest bearing securities and are likely to respond to a greater degree to changes in interest rates than interest bearing securities having similar maturities and credit quality. Moreover, zero coupon, deferred interest, capital appreciation and PIK securities involve the additional risk that, unlike securities that periodically pay interest to maturity, the Fund will realize no cash until a specified future payment date unless a portion of such securities is sold and, if the issuer of such securities defaults, the Fund may obtain no return at all on its investment. The valuation of such investments requires judgment regarding the collection of future payments. In addition, even though such securities do not provide for the payment of current interest in cash, the Fund is nonetheless required to accrue income on such investments for each taxable year and generally is required to distribute such accrued amounts (net of deductible expenses, if any) to avoid being subject to tax. Because no cash is generally received at the time of the accrual, the Fund may be required to liquidate other portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy federal tax distribution requirements applicable to the Fund. A portion of the discount with respect to stripped tax-exempt securities or their coupons may be taxable. See “TAXATION.”
Special Note Regarding Regulatory Changes and Other Market Events
Federal, state, and foreign governments,
regulatory agencies, and self-regulatory organizations may take actions that affect the regulation of the Fund or the instruments in which the Fund invests, or the
issuers of such instruments, in ways that are unforeseeable. Future legislation or regulation or other governmental actions could limit or preclude the Fund’s
ability to achieve its investment objective or otherwise adversely impact an investment in the Fund. Furthermore, worsened market conditions, including as a result of
U.S. government shutdowns or the perceived creditworthiness of the United States, could have a negative impact on securities markets.
The Fund’s investments, payment obligations and financing terms may be based on floating rates, such as EURIBOR, SOFR, Term SOFR and other similar types of reference rates (each, a “Reference Rate”). All settings of LIBOR have ceased to be published and the Fund has transitioned to successor or alternative reference rates as necessary. The termination of LIBOR and any additional regulatory or market changes may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s investments, performance or financial condition.
To identify a successor rate for US dollar LIBOR, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), a U.S.-based group convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, was formed. The ARRC has identified SOFR as its preferred alternative rate for LIBOR. SOFR is a measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight, collateralized by the U.S. Treasury securities, and is based on directly observable U.S. Treasury backed repurchase transactions. On July 29, 2021, the ARRC also formally recommended the use of forward-looking Term SOFR rates published by CME Group Benchmark
Administration Limited (“CBA”). It is expected that a substantial portion of future floating rate investments will be linked to SOFR, Term SOFR or another rate determined using SOFR. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect of the transition to any of these reference rates.
Regulators and market participants have worked to identify or
develop successor Reference Rates (e.g., SOFR, Term SOFR and other such rates) and spreads (if any) to be utilized in existing contracts or instruments as part of the
transition away from LIBOR. Spreads (if any) to be utilized in existing contracts or instruments may be amended through market-wide protocols, fallback contractual provisions, bespoke negotiations, amendments, statutory replacement mechanisms or otherwise. Nonetheless, the termination of certain Reference Rates presents risks to the Fund. It is not possible to exhaustively identify or predict the effect of any such changes, any establishment of alternative Reference Rates or any other reforms to Reference Rates that may be enacted in the United Kingdom, the United States or elsewhere. The elimination of a Reference Rate or any other changes or reforms to the determination or supervision of Reference Rates may affect the value, liquidity or return on certain Fund investments and may result in costs incurred in connection with closing out positions and entering into new trades, adversely impacting the Fund’s overall financial condition or results of operations. The impact of any successor or substitute Reference Rate, if any, will vary on an investment-by-investment basis, and any differences may be material and/or create material economic mismatches, especially if investments are used for hedging or similar purposes. In addition, although certain Fund investments may provide for a successor or
substitute Reference Rate (or terms
governing how to determine a successor or substitute Reference Rate) if the Reference Rate becomes unavailable, certain Fund investments may not provide such a successor
or substitute Reference Rate (or terms governing how to determine a successor or substitute Reference Rate). Accordingly, there may be disputes as to: (i) any successor
or substitute Reference Rate; or (ii) the enforceability of any Fund investment that does not provide such a successor or substitute Reference Rate (or terms governing how to determine a successor or substitute Reference Rate). The Investment Adviser, Goldman Sachs and/or their affiliates may have discretion to determine a successor or substitute Reference Rate, including any price or other adjustments to account for differences between the successor or substitute Reference Rate and the previous rate. The successor or substitute Reference Rate and any adjustments selected may negatively impact the Fund's investments, performance or financial condition, including in ways unforeseen by the Investment Adviser, Goldman Sachs and/or their affiliates. In addition, any successor or substitute Reference Rate and any pricing adjustments imposed by a regulator or by counterparties or otherwise may adversely affect the Fund's performance and/or NAV, and may expose the Fund to additional tax, accounting and regulatory risks.
In the aftermath of the 2007-2008 financial crisis, the financial sector experienced reduced liquidity in credit and other fixed income markets, and an unusually high degree of volatility, both domestically and internationally. While entire markets were impacted, issuers that had exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets were particularly affected. The instability in the financial markets led the U.S. Government to take a number of unprecedented actions designed to support certain financial institutions and certain segments of the financial markets. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act, which was enacted in 2010, provides for broad regulation of financial institutions, consumer financial products and services, broker-dealers, over-the-counter derivatives, investment advisers, credit rating agencies and mortgage lending.
Governments or their agencies may also acquire distressed assets
from financial institutions and acquire ownership interests in those institutions. The implications of government ownership and disposition of these assets are unclear,
and such ownership or disposition may have positive or negative effects on the liquidity, valuation and performance of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
In addition, global economies and financial markets are becoming increasingly interconnected, and political, economic and other conditions and events (including, but not limited to, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, and social unrest) in one country, region, or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Furthermore, the occurrence of, among other events, natural or man-made disasters, severe weather or geological events, fires, floods, earthquakes, outbreaks of disease (such as COVID-19, avian influenza or H1N1/09), epidemics, pandemics, malicious acts, cyber-attacks, terrorist acts or the occurrence of climate change, may also adversely impact the performance of the Fund. Such events may result in, among other things, closing borders, exchange closures, health screenings, healthcare service delays, quarantines, cancellations, supply chain disruptions, lower consumer demand, market volatility and general uncertainty. In addition, international trade tensions may give rise to concerns about economic and geopolitical stability and have had and likely will continue to have an adverse impact on global economic conditions. Trade disputes between the United States and other countries may be an ongoing source of instability, potentially resulting in significant currency fluctuations, or have other adverse effects on international markets, international trade agreements, or other existing cross-border cooperation arrangements. Tariffs, trade restrictions, economic sanctions, export controls, or retaliatory measures, or the threat or potential of one or more such events and developments, may result in material adverse effects on the global economy and the Fund. Such events could adversely impact issuers, markets and economies over the short- and long-term, including in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. The Fund could be negatively impacted if the value of a portfolio holding were harmed by such political or economic conditions or events. Moreover, such negative political and economic conditions and events could disrupt the processes necessary for the Fund’s operations. See “Special Note Regarding Operational, Cyber Security and Litigation Risks” for additional information on operational risks.
U.S. and global markets recently have
experienced increased volatility, including as a result of the recent failures of certain U.S. and non-U.S. banks, which could be harmful to the Fund and issuers in which
it invests. For example, if a bank in which the Fund or issuer has an account fails, any cash or other assets in bank accounts may be temporarily inaccessible or
permanently lost by the Fund or issuer. If a bank that provides a subscription line credit facility, asset-backed facility, other credit facility and/or other services to
an issuer fails, the issuer could be unable to draw funds under its credit facilities or obtain replacement credit facilities or other services from other lending institutions with similar terms. Even if banks used by issuers in which the Fund invests remain solvent, continued volatility in the banking sector could cause or intensify an economic recession, increase the costs of banking services or result in the issuers being unable to obtain or refinance indebtedness at all or on as favorable terms as could otherwise have been obtained. Conditions in the banking sector are evolving, and the scope of any potential impacts to the Fund and issuers, both from market
conditions and also potential
legislative or regulatory responses, are uncertain. Continued market volatility and uncertainty and/or a downturn in market and economic and financial conditions, as a
result of developments in the banking industry or otherwise (including as a result of delayed access to cash or credit facilities), could have an adverse impact on the
Fund and issuers in which it invests.
Pursuant to regulatory changes effective May 28, 2024, many U.S.
securities transitioned to a “T+1” (trade date plus one day) settlement cycle. Securities trading in many non-U.S. markets (among other securities) are not
impacted by these regulatory changes and typically have longer settlement cycles. As a result, there can be potential operational, settlement and other risks for a Fund
with a significant portion of its assets invested in securities not subject to T+1 settlement. These risks include, but are not limited to, the need to maintain more cash and liquid securities (thereby creating cash drag on the portfolio) and a potential increase in custodial overdraft charges, in each case to facilitate settlement of Fund share redemptions on a T+1 basis.
Special Note Regarding Operational, and Cyber Security and Litigation Risks
An investment in the Fund may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third-party service providers or trading counterparties. The use of certain investment strategies that involve manual or additional processing, such as over-the-counter derivatives, increases these risks. Although the Fund attempts to minimize such failures through controls and oversight, it is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the Fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The Fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
The Fund is also susceptible to operational and information
security risks resulting from cyber-attacks. In general, cyber-attacks result from deliberate attacks, but other events may have effects similar to those caused by
cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks include, among others, stealing or corrupting confidential information and other data that is maintained online or digitally for financial
gain, denial-of-service attacks on websites causing operational disruption, and the unauthorized release of confidential information and other data. Cyber-attacks affecting the Fund or its investment adviser, sub-adviser, custodian, transfer agent, intermediary or other third-party service provider may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders. These cyber-attacks have the ability to cause significant disruptions and impact business operations; to result in financial losses; to prevent shareholders from transacting business; to interfere with the Fund’s calculation of NAV and to lead to violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs and/or additional compliance costs. Similar to operational risk in general, the Fund and its service providers, including GSAM, have instituted risk management systems designed to minimize the risks associated with cyber security. However, there is a risk that these systems will not succeed (or that any remediation efforts will not be successful), especially because the Fund does not directly control the risk management systems of the service providers to the Fund, its trading counterparties or the issuers in which the Fund may invest. Moreover, there is a risk that cyber-attacks will not be detected.
The Fund may be subject to third-party litigation, which could
give rise to legal liability. These matters involving the Fund may arise from its activities and investments and could have a materially adverse effect on the Fund,
including the expense of defending against claims and paying any amounts pursuant to settlements or judgments. There can be no guarantee that these matters will not
arise in the normal course of business. If the Fund were to be found liable in any suit or proceeding, any associated damages and/or penalties could have a materially adverse effect on the Fund’s finances, in addition to being materially damaging to its reputation.
INVESTMENT
RESTRICTIONS
The investment restrictions set forth below have been adopted by the Trust as fundamental policies that cannot be changed with respect to a Fund without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined in the Act) of the Fund. The investment objective of each Fund and all other investment policies or practices of the Fund are considered by the Trust not to be fundamental and accordingly may be changed without shareholder approval. For purposes of the Act, a “majority” of the outstanding voting securities means the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the shares of the Trust or the applicable Fund present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Trust or the applicable Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Trust or the applicable Fund.
For purposes of the following limitations (except for the asset coverage requirement with respect to borrowings, which is subject to different requirements under the Act), any limitation which involves a maximum percentage shall not be considered violated unless an excess over the percentage occurs immediately after, and is caused by, an acquisition or encumbrance of securities or assets of, or borrowings by, the Funds. In applying fundamental investment restriction number (1) below to derivative transactions or instruments, including, but not limited to, futures, swaps, forwards, options and structured notes, the Funds will look to the industry of the reference asset(s) and not to the counterparty or issuer. With respect to the Funds' fundamental investment restriction number (2) below, in the event that asset coverage (as defined in the Act) at any time falls below 300%, the applicable Fund, within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays) or such longer period as the SEC may prescribe by rules and regulations, will reduce the amount of its borrowings to the extent required so that the asset coverage of such borrowings will be at least 300%.
Fundamental Investment Restrictions
As a matter of fundamental policy, each Fund may not:
(1)
Invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers
conducting their principal business activities in the same industry except that the Fund may invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in securities of
issuers in the same industry if the index that the Fund replicates concentrates in an industry (for the purposes of this restriction, the U.S. Government, state and municipal governments and their agencies, authorities and instrumentalities are not deemed to be industries);
(2)
Borrow money, except as permitted by the Act, or interpretations or modifications by
the SEC, SEC staff or other authority with appropriate jurisdiction;
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances;
(3)
Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations, loan interests and
other interests or obligations in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies; (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions; (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law or pursuant to an exemptive order granted under the Act; and (d) loans to affiliates of the Fund to the extent permitted by law;
(4)
Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of
portfolio securities by the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriting;
(5)
Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell
securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein or that reflect the return of an index of real estate values, securities of issuers which invest or deal
in real estate, securities of real estate investment trusts and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate it has acquired as a result of the ownership of securities;
(6)
Invest in physical commodities, except that the Fund may invest in currency and
financial instruments and contracts in accordance with its investment objective and policies, including, without limitation, structured notes, futures contracts, swaps, options on commodities, currencies, swaps and futures, ETFs, investment pools and other instruments, regardless of whether such instrument is considered to be a commodity; and
(7)
Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable
law.
Each Fund may, notwithstanding any other fundamental investment restriction or policy, invest some or all of its assets in a
single open-end investment company or series thereof with substantially the same fundamental investment restrictions and policies as the Fund.
TRUSTEES AND
OFFICERS
The Trust’s Leadership Structure
The business and affairs of the Funds are managed under
the direction of the Board of Trustees (the “Board”), subject to the laws of the State of Delaware and the Trust’s Declaration of Trust. The Trustees
are responsible for deciding matters of overall policy and reviewing the actions of the Trust’s service providers. The officers of the Trust conduct and supervise
each Fund's daily business operations. Trustees who are not deemed to be “interested persons” of the Trust as defined in the Act are referred to as
“Independent Trustees.” Trustees who are deemed to be “interested persons” of the Trust are referred to as “Interested Trustees.” The
Board is currently composed of twelve Independent Trustees and one Interested Trustee. The Board has selected an Independent Trustee to act as Chair, whose duties include presiding at meetings of the Board and acting as a focal point to address significant issues that may arise between regularly scheduled Board and Committee meetings. In the performance of the Chair’s duties, the Chair will consult with the other Independent Trustees and the Funds' officers and legal counsel, as appropriate. The Chair may perform other functions as requested by the Board from time to time.
The Board meets as often as necessary to discharge its
responsibilities. Currently, the Board conducts regular meetings at least four times a year, and holds special in-person or telephonic meetings as necessary to address
specific issues that require attention prior to the next regularly scheduled meeting. In addition, the Independent Trustees meet at least annually to review, among other
things, investment management agreements, distribution and/or service plans and related agreements, transfer agency agreements and certain other agreements providing for the compensation of Goldman Sachs and/or its affiliates by the Funds, and to consider such other matters as they deem appropriate.
The Board has established four standing committees —
Audit, Governance and Nominating, Compliance and Risk Oversight, and Contract Review Committees. The Board may establish other committees, or nominate one or more
Trustees to examine particular issues related to the Board’s oversight responsibilities, from time to time. Each Committee meets periodically to perform its delegated oversight functions and reports its findings and recommendations to the Board. For more information on the Committees, see the section “Standing Board Committees,” below.
The Trustees have determined that the Trust’s leadership
structure is appropriate because it allows the Trustees to effectively perform their oversight responsibilities.
Information pertaining to the Trustees of the Trust as of [ ], 2025 is set forth
below.
Independent
Trustees
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust |
Term of Office and
Length of |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in
Fund Complex Overseen by
|
Other Directorships
Held by |
| |
Chair of the Board of Trustees |
|
Mr. Weaver is retired. Formerly, he was Director, Verizon Communications Inc. (2015–2024); Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Deloitte & Touche LLP (a professional services firm) (2001–2005 and 2012–2014); and Member of the Board of Directors, Deloitte & Touche LLP (2006–2012). Chair of the Board of Trustees—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
| |
|
|
Ms. Beebe is retired. She is Director, Packaging Corporation of America (2008–Present); Director, The Mosaic Company (2019–Present); and was formerly Director, HanesBrands Inc. (a multinational clothing company) (2020–2023); Director, Convergys Corporation (a global leader in customer experience outsourcing) (2015–2018); and formerly held the position of Executive Vice President, (2010–2014); and Chief Financial Officer, Ingredion, Inc. (a leading global ingredient solutions company) (2004–2014). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
Packaging Corporation of America (producer of container board); The Mosaic Company (producer of phosphate and potash fertilizer) |
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust |
Term of Office and
Length of Time Served2
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in
Fund Complex Overseen by
Trustee3 |
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee4 |
| |
|
|
The Honorable Dwight Bush is President and CEO of D.L. Bush & Associates (a financial advisory and private investment firm) (2002–2014 and 2017–Present); Director of MoneyLion, Inc. (an operator of a data-driven, digital financial platform) (2021–Present); and was formerly U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Morocco (2014–2017) and a Member of the Board of Directors of Santander Bank, N.A. (2018–2019). Previously, he served as an Advisory Board Member of Goldman Sachs Trust and Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust (October 2019–January 2020). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
MoneyLion, Inc. (an operator of a data-driven, digital financial platform) |
| |
|
|
Ms. Cassidy is retired. She is Director, Vertical Aerospace Ltd. (an aerospace and technology company) (2021–Present). Formerly, Ms. Cassidy was Advisor to the Chairman (May 2014–December 2014); and Senior Vice President and Treasurer (2008–2014), General Electric Company & General Electric Capital Corporation (technology and financial services companies). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
Vertical Aerospace Ltd. (an aerospace and technology company) |
| |
|
|
Mr. Chou is retired. Formerly, he was Executive Vice President and Special Advisor to the Chairman and CEO (2021–2022); Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer (2019–2021); Executive Vice President and Chief Legal & Business Officer (2017–2019); and Executive Vice President and General Counsel (2011–2017) of Cencora, Inc. (a pharmaceutical and healthcare company). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust |
Term of Office and
Length of Time Served2
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in
Fund Complex Overseen by
Trustee3 |
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee4 |
| |
|
|
Dr. Delgado is retired. He is Director, Stepan Company (a specialty chemical manufacturer) (2011–Present); and was formerly Director, Hexion Inc. (a specialty chemical manufacturer) (2019–2022); Executive Vice President, Consumer Business Group of 3M Company (July 2016–July 2019); and Executive Vice President, Health Care Business Group of 3M Company (October 2012–July 2016). Previously, Dr. Delgado served as an Advisory Board Member of Goldman Sachs Trust and Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust (October 2019– January 2020). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
Stepan Company (a specialty chemical manufacturer) |
| |
|
|
Ms. Dowling is retired. Formerly, she was Senior Advisor (April 2021–September 2021); and Managing Director (2013–2021), BlackRock, Inc. (a financial services firm). As Managing Director, she held senior management positions, including Global Head of Global Consultant Relations (2017–2021), Multinational Corporations (2019–2021), the Institutional Product Group (2015–2019) and Institutional Marketing (2013–2016). Ms. Dowling was a member of the Global Operating Committee and Product Executive Committee of BlackRock.
Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
| |
|
|
Mr. Hughes is retired. Formerly, he held senior management positions with BNY Mellon Wealth Management, a division of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (a financial services company) (1991–2015), most recently as Chief Executive Officer (2010–2015). Previously, Mr. Hughes served as an Advisory Board Member of Goldman Sachs Trust II (February 2016–April 2016).
Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust |
Term of Office and
Length of Time Served2
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in
Fund Complex Overseen by
Trustee3 |
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee4 |
| |
|
|
Mr. Killian is retired. He is Director, Consolidated Edison, Inc. (2007–Present); and was formerly Director, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company (2011–2022). Previously, he held senior management positions with Verizon Communications, Inc., including Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (2009–2010); and President, Verizon Business, Verizon Communications, Inc. (2005–2009). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
Consolidated Edison, Inc. (a utility holding company) |
| |
|
|
Mr. Krichmar is retired. Formerly, he held senior management and governance positions with Putnam Investments, LLC, a financial services company (2001–2016). He was most recently Chief of Operations and a member of the Operating Committee of Putnam Investments, LLC and Principal Financial Officer of The Putnam Funds. Previously, Mr. Krichmar served as an Audit Partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and its predecessor company (1990–2001). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust |
Term of Office and
Length of Time Served2
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in
Fund Complex Overseen by
Trustee3 |
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee4 |
| |
|
|
Mr. Latham is retired. Formerly, he held senior management positions with the iShares exchange-traded fund business owned by BlackRock, Inc., including Chairman (2011–2014); Global Head (2010–2011); U.S. Head (2007–2010); and Chief Operating Officer (2003–2007). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
Lawrence W. Stranghoener 1954 |
|
|
Mr. Stranghoener is retired. Formerly, he was Chairman, Kennametal, Inc. (a global manufacturer and distributor of tooling and industrial materials) (2003–2024); Director, Aleris Corporation and Aleris International, Inc. (a producer of aluminum rolled products) (2011–2020); and Interim Chief Executive Officer (2014), Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (2004–2014), Mosaic Company (a fertilizer manufacturing company). Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
Interested
Trustee
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust |
Term of Office
and Length of
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in
Fund Complex Overseen |
Other Directorships
Held by |
| |
|
|
Advisory Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2018–Present); Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2000–December 2017); Director of Institutional Fund Sales, GSAM (April 1998–December 2000); and Senior Vice President and Manager, Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation (a financial services firm) (January 1993–April 1998). President and Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
|
|
*
Mr. McNamara is considered to be an “Interested Trustee” of the Trust because he holds positions with Goldman Sachs and owns securities issued by The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Mr. McNamara holds comparable positions with certain other companies of which Goldman Sachs, GSAM or an affiliate thereof is the investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor.
1
Each Trustee may be contacted by writing to the Trustee, c/o Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, New York, 10282, Attn: Robert Griffith.
2
Subject to such policies as may be adopted by the Board from time-to-time, each
Trustee holds office for an indefinite term, until the earliest of: (a) the election of his or her successor; (b) the date the Trustee resigns or is removed by the Board
or shareholders, in accordance with the Trust’s Declaration of Trust; or (c) the termination of the Trust. The Board has adopted policies which provide that each Independent Trustee shall retire as of June
30th following (a) his or her 75th birthday or (b) the 15th anniversary of the date he or she became a Trustee, whichever is earlier, unless a waiver of such requirements shall have been adopted by a majority of the other Trustees. These policies may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder vote.
3
The Goldman Sachs Fund Complex includes certain other companies listed above for each respective Trustee. As of [December 29, 2025], Goldman Sachs ETF Trust consisted of [ ] portfolios ([ ] of which offered shares to the public); Goldman Sachs Trust consisted of [ ] portfolios ([ ] of which offered shares to the public); Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust consisted of [ ] portfolios ([ ] of which offered shares to the public); Goldman Sachs Trust II consisted of [ ] portfolios ([ ] of which offered shares to the public); Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II consisted of [ ] portfolios; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund consisted of [ ] portfolio.
4
This column includes only directorships of companies required to report to the SEC
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (i.e., “public companies”) or other investment companies registered under the Act.
The significance or
relevance of a Trustee’s particular experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills is considered by the Board on an individual basis. Experience,
qualifications, attributes and/or skills common to all Trustees include the ability to critically review, evaluate and discuss information provided to them and to
interact effectively with the other Trustees and with representatives of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, other service providers, legal counsel and the Fund's
independent registered public accounting firm, the capacity to address financial and legal issues and exercise reasonable business judgment, and a commitment to the representation of the interests of a Fund and its shareholders. The Governance and Nominating Committee’s charter contains certain other factors that are considered by the Governance and Nominating Committee in identifying and evaluating potential nominees to serve as Independent Trustees. Based on each Trustee’s experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills, considered individually and with respect to the experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills of other Trustees, the Board has concluded that each Trustee should serve as a Trustee. Below is a brief discussion of the experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills of each individual Trustee as of [ ], 2025 that led the Board to conclude that such individual should serve as a Trustee.
Gregory G.
Weaver. Mr. Weaver has served as a Trustee and Chair of the Board since 2024. He serves as a member of the Governing Council of the Independent Directors Council. Previously, Mr. Weaver served as a Director of Verizon Communications Inc., where he served as Chair of the Audit Committee (2015–2024). Mr. Weaver was also a partner with Deloitte & Touche LLP for 30 years. He was the firm’s first chairman and chief executive officer from 2001–2005, and was elected to serve a second term (2012–2014). While serving as chairman at Deloitte & Touche LLP, Mr. Weaver led the audit and enterprise risk services practice, overseeing all operations, strategic positioning, audit quality, and talent matters. Mr. Weaver also served as a member of the firm’s Board of Directors for six years where he served on the Governance Committee and Partner Earnings and Benefits Committee and was chairman of the Elected Leaders Committee and Strategic Investment Committee. Mr. Weaver is also a Board member and Audit Committee chair of the YMCA of Westfield, New Jersey. Mr. Weaver has also served as President of the Council of Boy Scouts of America in Long Rivers, Connecticut, President of A Better Chance in Glastonbury, Connecticut, as a member of the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council and as a board member of the Stan Ross Department of Accountancy, Baruch College. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Weaver is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
Cheryl K. Beebe. Ms. Beebe has served as a Trustee of the Trust since
2021 and was formerly Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2022 to 2024. Ms. Beebe is retired. She is a member of the Board of Directors of Packaging Corporation of
America, a producer of container board, where she serves as Chair of the Audit Committee. She is also a member of the Board of Directors of The Mosaic Company, a producer of phosphate and potash fertilizer, and serves as Chair of the Audit Committee. Ms. Beebe was a member of the Board of Directors of HanesBrands Inc., a multinational clothing company, and a member of the Board of Directors of Convergys Corporation, a global leader in customer experience outsourcing, where she also served as Chair of the Audit Committee. Previously, she held several senior management positions at Ingredion, Inc. (formerly Corn Products International, Inc.), a leading global ingredient solutions company. Ms. Beebe also worked at Ingredion, Inc. and predecessor companies for 34 years, most recently as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. In that capacity, she was responsible for overseeing the company’s controller, treasury, tax, investor relations, internal audit, financial planning, corporate communications and global supply chain functions. Further, she served on the Board of Trustees of Fairleigh Dickinson University, where she served as Chair of the Governance Committee. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Beebe is experienced with financial, accounting and investment matters.
Dwight L. Bush. The Honorable Dwight Bush has served as a Trustee
since 2024. He also serves as President and CEO of D.L. Bush & Associates, a financial advisory and private investment firm, and Director of MoneyLion, Inc., an
operator of a data-driven, digital financial platform. From 2014 to 2017, The Honorable Dwight Bush served as U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Morocco. Prior to his service as U.S. Ambassador, he established and served as CEO of Urban Trust Bank and UTB Education Finance, LLC, an integrated provider of education credit services. The Honorable Dwight Bush was previously Vice President of Corporate Development for SLM Corporation (commonly known as Sallie Mae). Formerly, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of Santander Bank, N.A., JER Investors Trust, a specialty real estate finance company, and as Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of CASI Pharmaceuticals (formerly Entremed, Inc.) where he was Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Honorable Dwight Bush also serves as a member of the Board of Directors for several philanthropic organizations, including the Middle East Investment Initiative and the Meridian International Center, and has served on the executive committee of Cornell University. He previously served on the Trust’s Advisory Board. Based on the foregoing, The Honorable Dwight Bush is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Kathryn A. Cassidy. Ms. Cassidy has served as a Trustee since 2024. She is a member of the Board of Directors for Vertical
Aerospace Ltd., a publicly-traded aerospace and technology company, where she serves as Chair of the Audit Committee. Previously, Ms. Cassidy held several senior management positions at General Electric Company (“GE”) and General Electric Capital Corporation (“GECapital”) and its subsidiaries, where she worked for 35 years, most recently as Advisor to the Chairman of GECapital and Senior Vice President and Treasurer of GE and GECapital. As Senior Vice President and Treasurer, Ms. Cassidy led capital markets and treasury matters of multiple initial public offerings. Ms. Cassidy was responsible for managing global treasury operations, including global funding, hedging, derivative accounting and execution, cash and liquidity management, cash operations and treasury services, and global regulatory compliance and reporting for liquidity, derivatives, market risk and counterparty credit risk. Formerly, Ms. Cassidy served as a Director of buildOn, a not-for-profit organization, where she served as Chair of the Finance Committee. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Cassidy is experienced with financial and investment matters.
John G. Chou. Mr. Chou has served as a Trustee since 2024. Mr. Chou is
retired. Formerly, he held several executive and senior management positions at Cencora, Inc. (“Cencora”) (formerly AmerisourceBergen Corporation) from
2002-2022, including
Executive Vice President and Special
Advisor to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal & Business Officer,
and Executive Vice President and General Counsel. As Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer, Mr. Chou was responsible for managing Cencora’s legal,
regulatory, quality, privacy, global business resilience and enterprise risk management functions, among others. In addition, he previously held senior legal positions at Cigna Corporation, ARCO Chemical Europe, and Arco Chemical Company, and also practiced law at various law firms, including most recently as a member of Eckert Seamens Cherin & Mellott, LLC. Mr. Chou currently serves as the President of the Board of Trustees of Episcopal Community Services and as a member of the Board of Directors of the Committee of Seventy. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Chou is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Joaquin Delgado. Dr. Delgado has served as a Trustee since 2024. Dr. Delgado is a member of the Board of Directors for
Stepan Company, a publicly-traded specialty chemical manufacturer. Previously, Dr. Delgado was a member of the Board of Directors for Hexion Inc., a privately held specialty chemical manufacturer, and held several senior management positions at 3M Company, where he worked for over 30 years, most recently as Executive Vice President of 3M Company’s Consumer Business Group. As Executive Vice President, Vice President, and General Manager at 3M Company, Dr. Delgado directed mergers and acquisitions worldwide, and was responsible for managing global operations in specialized markets such as semiconductors, consumer electronics, communications, medical and office supplies and software. Dr. Delgado also serves as a member of the Board of Directors of Ballet Austin, a not-for-profit organization. Additionally, he formerly served as a member of the Board of Directors of MacPhail Center for Music, a not-for-profit organization. Dr. Delgado previously served on the Trust’s Advisory Board. Based on the foregoing, Dr. Delgado is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Eileen H. Dowling. Ms. Dowling has served as a Trustee since 2024. Ms. Dowling worked at BlackRock for over 10 years,
where she was a Managing Director and, most recently, a Senior Advisor. While at BlackRock, Ms. Dowling held several senior management positions responsible for clients, investment products and marketing, including Global Head of Consultant Relations, Global Head of Multinationals, Global Head of the Institutional Product Group and Global Head of Institutional Marketing. She also was a member of BlackRock’s Global Operating Committee and Product Executive Committee. From 2007-2011, Ms. Dowling was a Managing Director and Global Head of Marketing at Credit Suisse Asset Management. Prior to that, over an 18-year period at Merrill Lynch, Ms. Dowling served in several roles in Investment Banking, Capital Markets and Research. Ms. Dowling currently serves as a Member of the Advisory Board and Finance Committee of New York University’s Glucksman Ireland House. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Dowling is experienced with investment, financial and accounting matters.
Lawrence Hughes. Mr. Hughes has served as a Trustee of the Trust since 2021. Mr. Hughes is retired. Previously, he held
several senior management positions at BNY Mellon Wealth Management, a division of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation that provides wealth planning, investment management and banking services to individuals, families, family offices and charitable gift programs through a nationwide network of offices. Mr. Hughes worked at BNY Mellon Wealth Management for 24 years, most recently as Chief Executive Officer. In that capacity, he was ultimately responsible for the division’s operations and played an active role in multiple acquisitions. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Hughes is experienced with financial and investment matters.
John F. Killian. Mr. Killian has served as a Trustee of the Trust
since 2021. Mr. Killian is retired. Mr. Killian is a member of the Board of Directors of Consolidated Edison, Inc., a utility holding company, where he serves as Chair of
the Audit Committee and as a member of the Corporate Governance and Nominating, and Management Development and Compensation Committees. Formerly, he was a member of the Board of Directors of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, where he served as Chair of the Audit Committee and a member of the Compensation Committee. Previously, Mr. Killian worked for 31 years at Verizon Communications, Inc. and predecessor companies, most recently as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Killian is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
Steven D. Krichmar. Mr. Krichmar has served as a Trustee of the Trust
since 2021. Mr. Krichmar is retired. He previously worked for fifteen years at Putnam Investments, LLC, a financial services company. Most recently, he served as Chief of
Operations and a member of the Operating Committee of Putnam Investments, LLC. He was also involved in the governance of The Putnam Funds, serving as Principal Financial Officer. Before joining Putnam, Mr. Krichmar worked for PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and its predecessor company for 20 years, most recently as Audit Partner and Investment Management Industry Leader (Assurance) for the northeast U.S. region. Currently, Mr. Krichmar is a member of the Board of Trustees of Boston Children’s Hospital, where he serves as Chairman of the Audit & Compliance Committee, the Co-Chairman of the Finance Committee, a
member of the Executive Committee and
the Technology and Innovation Committee, and a member of the Physicians’ Organization Board. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of Controlled Risk
Insurance Company of Vermont, Inc. (CRICO, A Risk Retention Group) and a member of the Audit and Finance Committees of the CRICO related entities, and a member of the
University of North Carolina Kenan-Flagler Business School Board. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Krichmar is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
Michael Latham. Mr. Latham has served as a Trustee of the Trust since 2015. Mr. Latham is retired. Mr. Latham has been
designated as the Board’s “audit committee financial expert” given his extensive accounting and finance experience. Previously, Mr. Latham held several senior management positions for 15 years with the iShares exchange-traded fund business owned by BlackRock, Inc. and previously owned by Barclays Global Investors, most recently as Chairman and Global Head of the business. In that capacity he was one of the lead executives responsible for the growth of the business. He was also involved in governance of the iShares funds, serving initially as Principal Financial Officer and later as President and Principal Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors. Mr. Latham is a certified public accountant, and before joining Barclays Global Investors, he worked at Ernst and Young for over five years. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Latham is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
Lawrence W. Stranghoener. Mr. Stranghoener has served as a Trustee of
the Trust since 2015 and was formerly Chairman of the Board of Trustees from 2017 to 2022. Mr. Stranghoener is retired. Previously, he was Chairman of the Board of
Directors of Kennametal, Inc., a global manufacturer and distributor of tooling and industrial materials, and a member of the Board of Directors of Aleris Corporation and Aleris International, Inc., which provided aluminum rolled products and extrusions, aluminum recycling, and specification alloy production, where he also served as Chair of the Audit Committee and as a member of the Compensation Committee. Mr. Stranghoener also held several senior management positions at Mosaic Company, a fertilizer manufacturing company, where he worked for 10 years, most recently as Interim Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. As Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Mosaic Company, Mr. Stranghoener implemented public company processes, policies and performance standards to transition the company from private to public ownership and oversaw the company’s controller, treasury, tax, investor relations, strategy and business development, and internal audit functions. He also led the integration of Mosaic Company with IMC Global, Inc. during their merger. Previously, Mr. Stranghoener served for three years as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Thrivent Financial, a non-profit, financial services organization and Techies.com, an internet-based professional services company. Mr. Stranghoener also held several senior management positions at Honeywell International, Inc. where he worked for 17 years, most recently as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Stranghoener is experienced with financial and investment matters.
James A. McNamara. Mr. McNamara has served as a Trustee and
President of the Trust since 2014. Mr. McNamara is an Advisory Director to Goldman Sachs. Prior to retiring as Managing Director at Goldman Sachs in 2017,
Mr. McNamara was head of Global Third Party Distribution at GSAM and was previously head of U.S. Third Party Distribution. Prior to that role, Mr. McNamara
served as Director of Institutional Fund Sales. Prior to joining Goldman Sachs, Mr. McNamara was Vice President and Manager at Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation. Based on the foregoing, Mr. McNamara is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Officers of the
Trust
Information pertaining to the officers of the Trust as of [ ], 2025 is set forth
below.
Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held
with the Trust(s) |
Term of Office and
Length of Time |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
James A. McNamara 200 West Street New York, NY
10282 1962 |
|
|
Advisory Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2018–Present); Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2000–December 2017); Director of Institutional Fund Sales, GSAM (April 1998–December 2000); and Senior Vice President and Manager, Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation (a financial services firm) (January 1993–April 1998). President and Trustee—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Joseph F. DiMaria 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302
1968 |
Treasurer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer |
Since 2017 (Treasurer and Principal Financial Officer since 2019) |
Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (November 2015–Present) and Vice President – Mutual Fund Administration, Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC (May 2010–October 2015). Treasurer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust (previously Assistant Treasurer (2017)); Goldman Sachs Trust (previously Assistant Treasurer (2016)); Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust (previously Assistant Treasurer (2016)); Goldman Sachs Trust II (previously Assistant Treasurer (2017)); Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Jessica Moran 200 West Street
New York, NY 10282
1984 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (April 2017–Present). Chief Compliance Officer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Peter W. Fortner 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302
1958 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (July 2000–Present); Principal Accounting Officer and Treasurer, Commerce Bank Mutual Fund Complex (2008–Present); Treasurer of Goldman Sachs Philanthropy Fund (2019–2023); and Treasurer of Ayco Charitable Foundation (2020–2023). Assistant Treasurer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Allison Fracchiolla 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302
1983 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (January 2013–Present). Assistant Treasurer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with the Trust(s) |
Term of Office and Length of Time
Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Kirsten Frivold Imohiosen 200 West Street
New York, NY 10282
1970 |
|
|
Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2018–Present); and Vice President, Goldman Sachs (May 1999–December 2017). Assistant Treasurer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc.; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit II LLC; Goldman Sachs Middle Market Lending Corp.; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Steven Z. Indich 30 Hudson Street
Jersey City, NJ 07302
1969 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (February 2010–Present). Assistant Treasurer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc.; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit II LLC; Goldman Sachs Middle Market Lending Corp.; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Elaine Leung 30 Hudson Street
Jersey City, NJ 07302
1974 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (January 2021–Present); and Associate, Goldman Sachs (March 2014–December 2020). Assistant Treasurer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Carol Liu 30 Hudson Street
Jersey City, NJ 07302
1975 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (October 2017–Present); Tax Director, The Raine Group LLC (August 2015–October 2017); and Tax Director, Icon Investments LLC (January 2012–August 2015). Assistant Treasurer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc.; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit II LLC; Goldman Sachs Middle Market Lending Corp.; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Ryan Seber 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 1989 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (November 2017–Present). Vice President—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Anney Chi 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 1973 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (2014–Present). Vice President—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with the Trust(s) |
Term of Office and Length of Time
Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Alyson Shupe 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 1986 |
|
|
Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 2023–Present); Head of Product Strategy (U.S. Advisor & Latin America), J.P. Morgan Asset Management (August 2018–December
2023). Vice President—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Michael Twohig 200 West Street
New York, NY 10282
1965 |
|
|
Vice President, Goldman Sachs (2014–Present). Vice President—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; Goldman Sachs Trust II; and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund. |
Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with the Trust(s) |
Term of Office and Length of Time
Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Caroline L. Kraus 200 West Street
New York, NY 10282
1977 |
|
|
Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2016–Present); Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2006–December 2015); Senior Counsel, Goldman Sachs (January 2020–Present); Associate General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (2012–December 2019); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (August 2006–December 2011); and Associate, Weil, Gotshal & Manges, LLP (2002–2006). Chief Legal Officer—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust; Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust; Goldman Sachs Trust II; Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II; Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund; Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc.; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit II LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Credit Corp.; and Phillip Street Middle Market Lending Fund LLC; and Goldman Sachs Middle Market Lending Corp. II. Secretary—Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc.; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Middle Market Credit II LLC; Goldman Sachs Private Credit Corp.; Phillip Street Middle Market Lending Fund LLC; and Goldman Sachs Middle Market Lending Corp. II. |
Robert Griffith 200 West Street
New York, NY 10282 1974 |
|
|
Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (September 2022–Present); General Counsel, Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC (October 2021–September 2022); Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2011–October 2021); Associate General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (December 2014–Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (August 2011–December 2014); Vice President and Counsel, Nomura Holding America, Inc. (2010–2011); and Associate, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP (2005–2010). Secretary—Goldman Sachs ETF Trust (previously Assistant Secretary (2022)); Goldman Sachs Trust (previously Assistant Secretary (2022)); Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust (previously Assistant Secretary (2022)); Goldman Sachs Trust II (previously Assistant Secretary (2022)); Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II (previously Assistant Secretary (2022)); and Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund (previously Assistant Secretary (2022)). |
1
Officers hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Trustees or until their
successors are duly elected and qualified. Each officer holds comparable positions with certain other companies of which Goldman Sachs, GSAM or an affiliate thereof is
the investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor.
Standing Board Committees
The Audit Committee oversees the audit process and provides assistance to the Board with respect to fund accounting, tax compliance and financial statement matters. In performing its responsibilities, the Audit Committee selects and recommends annually to the Board an independent registered public accounting firm to audit the books and records of the Trust for the ensuing
year, and reviews with the firm the
scope and results of each audit. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Audit Committee, and Mr. Latham serves as the Chair of the Audit Committee. The Audit
Committee met [ ] times during the fiscal year ended ended August 31,
2025.
The Governance and Nominating Committee has been established to: (i) assist the Board in matters involving fund governance, which includes making recommendations to the Board with respect to the effectiveness of the Board in carrying out its responsibilities in governing the Funds and overseeing its management; (ii) select and nominate candidates for appointment or election to serve as Independent Trustees; and (iii) advise the Board on ways to improve its effectiveness. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Governance and Nominating Committee. As stated above, each Trustee holds office for an indefinite term until the occurrence of certain events. In filling Board vacancies, the Governance and Nominating Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders. Nominee recommendations should be submitted to the Trust at its mailing address stated in the Funds' Prospectus and should be directed to the attention of the Governance and Nominating Committee. The Governance and Nominating Committee met [ ] times during the fiscal year ended ended August 31, 2025.
The Compliance and Risk Oversight Committee
has been established for the purpose of overseeing the compliance and risk processes: (i) of the Funds; and (ii) insofar as they relate to services provided to the Funds,
of the Funds' Investment Adviser, Distributor, administrator (if any), and Transfer Agent, except that compliance processes relating to the accounting and financial
reporting processes, and certain related matters, are overseen by the Audit Committee. In addition, the Compliance and Risk Oversight Committee provides assistance to the full Board with respect to compliance and risk oversight matters. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Compliance and Risk Oversight Committee. The Compliance Committee met [ ] times during the fiscal year ended ended August 31, 2025.
The Contract Review Committee has been established for the
purpose of overseeing the processes of the Board for reviewing and monitoring performance under the Funds' investment management, distribution, transfer agency, and
certain other agreements with the Funds' Investment Adviser and its affiliates. The Contract Review Committee is also responsible for overseeing the Board’s processes for considering and reviewing performance under the operation of the Funds' distribution, service, shareholder administration and other plans, and any agreements related to the plans. The Contract Review Committee also provides appropriate assistance to the Board in connection with the Board’s approval, oversight and review of the Funds' other service providers including, without limitation, the Funds' custodian/accounting agent, sub-transfer agents, professional (legal and accounting) firms and printing firms. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Contract Review Committee. The Contract Review Committee met [ ] times during the fiscal year ended ended August 31, 2025.
The Board is responsible for the oversight of the activities of
the Funds, including oversight of risk management. Day-to-day risk management with respect to the Funds is the responsibility of GSAM or other service providers
(depending on the nature of the risk), subject to supervision by GSAM. The risks of the Funds include, but are not limited to, liquidity risk, investment risk,
derivatives risk, compliance risk, manager selection risk, operational risk, reputational risk, credit risk and counterparty risk. Each of GSAM and the other service providers have their own independent interest in risk management and their policies and methods of risk management may differ from the Funds and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result, the Board recognizes that it is not possible to identify all of the risks that may affect the Funds or to develop processes and controls to eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects, and that some risks are simply beyond the control of the Funds or GSAM, their respective affiliates or other service providers.
The Board effectuates its oversight role primarily through
regular and special meetings of the Board and Board committees. In certain cases, risk management issues are specifically addressed in reports, presentations and
discussions. For example, on an annual basis, GSAM (or personnel from GSAM) will provide the Board with written reports that address the operation, adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s liquidity risk management and derivatives risk management programs, which are generally designed to assess and manage liquidity risk and, for Full Compliance Funds, derivatives risk. GSAM also has a risk management team that assists GSAM in managing investment risk. Representatives from the risk management team meet regularly with the Board to discuss their analysis and methodologies. In addition, investment risk is discussed in the context of regular presentations to the Board on Fund strategy. Other types of risk are addressed as part of presentations on related topics (e.g. compliance policies) or in the context
of presentations focused specifically on
one or more risks. The Board also receives reports from GSAM management on operational risks, reputational risks and counterparty risks relating to the Funds.
Board oversight of risk management is also performed by various Board committees. For example, the Audit Committee meets with both the Funds' independent registered public accounting firm and GSAM’s internal audit group to review risk controls in place that support the Funds as well as test results, and the Compliance and Risk Oversight Committee meets with the CCO and representatives of GSAM’s compliance and risk oversight groups to review testing results of the Funds' compliance policies and procedures and other compliance and risk issues. Board oversight of risk is also performed as needed between meetings through communications between GSAM and the Board. The Board may, at any time and in its discretion, change the manner in which it conducts risk oversight. The Board’s oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Funds' investments or activities.
Trustee Ownership of Fund Shares
The following table shows the dollar range of shares
beneficially owned by each Trustee in the Funds and other portfolios of the Goldman Sachs Fund Complex as of December 31, 2024.
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Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in the Funds1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in All
Portfolios in Fund Complex
Overseen By Trustee |
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1
Includes the value of shares beneficially owned by each Trustee in the Funds
described in this SAI.
[As of [ ], the then-serving Trustees and Officers of the Trust
as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of beneficial interest of each Fund.]
Each Independent Trustee is compensated with a unitary annual fee for his or her services as a Trustee of the Trust and as a member of the Audit Committee, Compliance and Risk Oversight Committee, Contract Review Committee, and Governance and Nominating Committee. The Chair and Trustees designated as an “audit committee financial expert” receive additional compensation for their services in such capacities. The Independent Trustees are also reimbursed for reasonable travel expenses incurred in connection with attending meetings. The Trust may also pay the reasonable incidental costs of a Trustee to attend training or other types of conferences relating to the investment company industry.
The following tables set forth certain information with respect
to the compensation of each Trustee of the Trust for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025:
Trustee
Compensation
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ActiveBeta®
Emerging Markets
Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta®
Europe Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta® International
Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Japan
Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta® U.S.
Large Cap Equity
ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Small
Cap Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF
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Pension or
Retirement
Benefits Accrued as
Part
Of the Trust’s
Expenses |
Total Compensation
From the Fund Complex (including the Funds)(4)
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1
Includes compensation as Board Chair.
2
Includes compensation as “audit committee financial expert,” as defined
in Item 3 of Form N-CSR.
3
Mr. McNamara is an Interested Trustee due to the positions he holds with Goldman
Sachs, and as such, receives no compensation from the Funds or the Goldman Sachs Fund Complex.
4
Represents fees paid to each Trustee during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025
from the Goldman Sachs Fund Complex which consists of Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund, Goldman Sachs Trust II, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust, and Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II.
Miscellaneous
The Trust, its Investment Adviser and the Distributor have
adopted codes of ethics under Rule 17j-1 of the Act that permit personnel subject to their particular codes of ethics to invest in securities, including securities that
may be purchased or held by the Funds.
As stated in the Funds' Prospectus, GSAM, 200 West Street, New
York, New York 10282, serves as Investment Adviser to the Funds. GSAM is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and an affiliate of Goldman
Sachs. See “Service Providers” in the Funds' Prospectus for a description of the Investment Adviser’s duties to the Funds.
Founded in 1869, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a publicly-held financial holding company and a leading global investment banking, securities and investment management firm. Goldman Sachs is a leader in developing portfolio strategies and in many fields of investing and financing, participating in financial markets worldwide and serving individuals, institutions, corporations and governments. Goldman Sachs is also among the principal market sources for current and thorough information on companies, industrial sectors, markets, economies and currencies, and trades and makes markets in a wide range of equity and debt securities 24 hours a day. The firm is headquartered in New York with offices in countries throughout the world. It has trading professionals throughout the United States, as well as in London, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Seoul, Sao Paulo and other major financial centers around the world. The active participation of Goldman Sachs in the world’s financial markets enhances its ability to identify attractive investments. Goldman Sachs has agreed to permit the Funds to use the name “Goldman Sachs” or a derivative thereof as part of each Fund’s name for as long as the Funds Management Agreement (as described below) is in effect.
Each Management Agreement provides that GSAM, in its capacity as
Investment Adviser, may render similar services to others so long as the services under the Management Agreement are not impaired thereby. The Funds’ Management
Agreements were most
recently approved by the Trustees of the
Trust, including a majority of the Trustees of the Trust who are not parties to such agreement or “interested persons” (as such term is defined in the Act) of
any party thereto (the “non-interested Trustees”), on June 17-18, 2025. A discussion regarding the basis for the Board of Trustees’ approval of the
Management Agreement for each Fund is available in the Fund’s Form N-CSR for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025.
The Management Agreements will remain in effect until June 30, 2026 and will continue in effect with respect to each Fund from year to year thereafter provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by (i) the vote of a majority of the Funds’ outstanding voting securities or a majority of the Trustees of the Trust, and (ii) the vote of a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.
Each Management Agreement will terminate automatically if assigned (as defined in the Act). A Management Agreement is also terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund on 60 days’ written notice to the Investment Adviser or by the Investment Adviser on 60 days’ written notice to the Trust.
Pursuant to each Management Agreement, the Investment Adviser is entitled to receive the fees set forth below, payable monthly based on each Fund’s average daily net assets. Under the Management Agreement for each Fund, except the ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, the Investment Adviser is responsible for substantially all the expenses of the Fund, excluding payments under the Fund’s 12b-1 plan (if any), interest expenses, taxes, acquired fund fees and expenses, brokerage fees, costs of holding shareholder meetings and litigation, indemnification and extraordinary
expenses.
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
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Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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For the
fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, August 31, 2024 and August 31, 2023, the amounts of the fees incurred by each of the Funds under the Management Agreements were as
follows (with and without the fee limitations that were then in effect):
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2025 With Fee
Limitations |
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ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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2024 With Fee
Limitations |
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ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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2023
With Fee
Limitations |
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ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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Each Fund directly pays the fees and expenses of the Independent
Trustees. The management fee collected by the Investment Adviser is reduced by the amount equal to the fees and expenses paid by each Fund to the Independent Trustees.
The amounts in the tables above reflect the management fee amounts after such reduction.
The imposition of the Investment Adviser’s fees will have the effect of reducing the total return to investors. From time to time, the Investment Adviser may waive receipt of its fees, which would have the effect of lowering the Fund’s overall expense ratio and increasing total return to investors at the time such amounts are waived.
The Investment Adviser may waive a portion of its
management fee, including fees earned as the Investment Adviser to any of the affiliated Funds in which the Fund invests, from time to time, and may discontinue or modify
any such waiver in the future, consistent with the terms of any fee waiver arrangements in place. Any such waiver would be voluntary and may be terminated at any time.
In addition to providing advisory services, under its Management
Agreement, the Investment Adviser also, to the extent such services are not required to be performed by others pursuant to the fund administration and accounting
agreement, the custodian agreement, the transfer agency agreement, distribution agreement or such other agreements with service providers to the Funds that the Board has approved: (i) supervises all non-advisory operations of each Fund that it advises; (ii) provides personnel to perform such executive, administrative and clerical services as are reasonably necessary to provide effective administration of each Fund; (iii) arranges for (with respect to the ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, at the Fund’s expense): (a) the preparation of all required tax
returns, (b) the preparation and submission of reports to existing shareholders, (c) the periodic updating of prospectuses and statements of additional information and
(d) the preparation of reports to be filed with the SEC and other regulatory authorities; (iv) maintains each Fund’s records; and (v) provides office space and all
necessary office equipment and services.
Portfolio Managers — Other Accounts Managed by the Portfolio Managers
The following table discloses accounts within each type of category listed below for which the portfolio managers are jointly and primarily responsible for day to day portfolio management as of August 31, 2025, unless otherwise indicated.
For each portfolio
manager listed below, the total number of accounts managed is a reflection of accounts within the strategy they oversee and manage, as well as accounts which participate
in the sector in which they manage. There may be multiple portfolio managers involved with each account.
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Number of Other Accounts Managed and Total Assets by Account Type† |
Number of Accounts and Total Assets for Which Advisory Fee is Performance Based† |
Name of Portfolio Manager |
Registered Investment Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
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Registered Investment Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
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Portfolio Management Team |
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1.
Asset information is in USD millions unless otherwise specified.
2.
“Other Pooled Investment Vehicles” includes private investment funds and
SICAVs (a type of open-end investment company organized outside the U.S.).
3.
“Other Accounts” includes a separately managed account platform, advisory mutual fund platform, advisory relationships and others. For purposes of the above, a platform is included as a single account.
Conflicts of Interest. The Investment Adviser’s
portfolio managers are often responsible for managing one or more of the Funds as well as other accounts, including proprietary accounts, separate accounts and other
pooled investment vehicles, such as unregistered hedge funds. A portfolio manager may manage a separate account or other pooled investment vehicle which may have materially higher fee arrangements than the Funds and may also have a performance-based fee. The side-by-side management of these funds may raise potential conflicts of interest relating to cross trading, the allocation of investment opportunities and the aggregation and allocation of trades.
The Investment Adviser has a fiduciary responsibility to manage
all client accounts in a fair and equitable manner. The Investment Adviser seeks to provide best execution of all securities transactions and aggregate and then allocate
securities to client accounts in a fair and timely manner. To this end, the Investment Adviser has developed policies and procedures designed to mitigate and manage the potential conflicts of interest that may arise from side-by-side management. In addition, the Investment Adviser and the Funds have adopted policies limiting the circumstances under which cross-trades may be effected between a Fund and another client account. The Investment Adviser conducts periodic reviews of trades for consistency with these policies. For more information about conflicts of interests that may arise in connection with the portfolio manager’s management of the Funds’ investments and the investments of other accounts, see “POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST.”
Portfolio Managers —
Compensation
Compensation for portfolio managers of the Investment Adviser is comprised of a base salary and year-end discretionary variable compensation. The base salary is fixed from year to year. Year-end discretionary variable compensation is primarily a function of each portfolio manager’s individual performance and his or her contribution to overall team performance; the performance of the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs; the team’s net revenues for the past year which is primarily derived from advisory fees; and anticipated compensation levels among competitor firms.
The discretionary variable compensation for
portfolio managers is also significantly influenced by various factors, including: (1) effective participation in team research discussions and process; and (2)
management of risk in alignment with the targeted risk parameters and investment objective of the applicable Fund. Other factors may also be considered including: (1)
general client/shareholder orientation and (2) teamwork and leadership.
As part of their
year-end discretionary variable compensation and subject to certain eligibility requirements, portfolio managers may receive deferred equity-based and similar awards, in
the form of: (1) shares of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (restricted stock units); and, (2) for certain portfolio managers, performance-tracking (or
“phantom”) shares of a Fund or multiple funds. Performance-tracking shares are designed to provide a rate of return (net of fees) equal to that of a Fund(s)
that a portfolio manager manages, or one or more other eligible funds, as determined by senior management, thereby aligning portfolio manager compensation with fund shareholder interests. The awards are subject to vesting requirements, deferred payment and clawback and forfeiture provisions. GSAM, Goldman Sachs or their affiliates expect, but are not required to, hedge the exposure of the performance-tracking shares of a Fund by, among other things, purchasing shares of the relevant Fund(s).
Other Compensation—In addition to base salary and
year-end discretionary variable compensation, the Investment Adviser has a number of additional benefits in place including (1) a 401(k) program that enables employees to
direct a percentage of their base salary and bonus income into a tax-qualified retirement plan; and (2) investment opportunity programs in which certain professionals
may participate subject to certain eligibility requirements.
Portfolio Managers — Portfolio Managers’
Ownership of Securities in the Funds
The following table shows the portfolio managers’ ownership of shares, including those beneficially owned as well as those
owned pursuant to the deferred compensation plan discussed above, of the Funds they manage as of August 31, 2025, unless otherwise noted.
Name of Portfolio Manager |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities Beneficially
Owned by Portfolio Manager |
ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets
Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta®
Europe Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta®
International Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Japan Equity
ETF |
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ActiveBeta®
U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta®
U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® World
Equity ETF |
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Distributor and Transfer Agent
Distributor: ALPS Distributors, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203, serves as the exclusive distributor of Creation Units of shares of the Funds pursuant to a “best efforts” arrangement as provided by a distribution agreement with the Trust on behalf of the Funds. Shares of the Funds are offered and sold on a continuous basis by ALPS, acting as agent. The Distributor does not maintain a secondary market in the Funds' Shares.
Transfer Agent: The Bank of New York, 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286, serves as the Trust’s transfer and dividend disbursing agent. Under its transfer agency agreement with the Trust, BNY has undertaken with the Trust to provide the
following services with respect to each
Fund: (i) perform and facilitate the performance of purchases and redemptions of Creation Units, (ii) prepare and transmit by means of Depository Trust Company’s
(“DTC”) book-entry system payments for dividends and distributions on or with respect to the Shares declared by the Trust on behalf of the applicable Fund,
(iii) prepare and deliver reports, information and documents as specified in the transfer agency agreement, (iv) perform the customary services of a transfer agent and
dividend disbursing agent, and (v) render certain other miscellaneous services as specified in the transfer agency agreement or as otherwise agreed upon.
The Trust’s distribution and transfer agency agreements
each provide that BNY may render similar services to others so long as the services BNY provides thereunder are not impaired thereby. Such agreements also provide that
the Trust will indemnify BNY against certain liabilities.
The Trust, on behalf of the
ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, is responsible
for the payment of the Fund’s respective expenses. The expenses include, without limitation, the fees payable to the Investment Adviser, service fees and
shareholder administration fees, the fees and expenses of the Trust’s custodian and subcustodians, transfer agent fees and expenses, pricing service fees and expenses, brokerage fees and commissions, fees and expenses for registering or qualifying the Trust’s shares and of maintaining the registration of the Fund, fees and expenses incurred in respect of any reporting or filing obligations to any government or regulatory body with competent authority, expenses of the organization of the Fund, fees and expenses incurred by the Trust in connection with membership in investment company organizations including, but not limited to, the Investment Company Institute, taxes, interest, costs of liability insurance, fidelity bonds or indemnification, any costs, expenses or losses arising out of any liability of, or claim for damages or other relief asserted against, the Trust for violation of any law, legal, tax and auditing fees and expenses (including the cost of legal and certain accounting services rendered by employees of Goldman Sachs or its affiliates with respect to the Trust), expenses of preparing and setting in type Prospectuses, SAIs, proxy materials, reports and notices and the printing and distributing of the same to the Trust’s shareholders and regulatory authorities, any expenses assumed by the Fund pursuant to its distribution and service plans, compensation and expenses of its Independent Trustees, the fees and expenses of pricing services, dividend expenses on short sales, costs of listing Shares on an exchange and extraordinary expenses, if any, incurred by the Trust.
For each Fund except the ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, the Board of Trustees of the Trust has approved a unitary management fee
structure for each Fund. Under the unitary fee structure, the Investment Adviser is responsible for paying substantially all the expenses of each such Fund, excluding
payments under the Fund’s 12b-1 plan (if any), interest expenses, taxes, acquired fund fees and expenses, brokerage fees, costs of holding shareholder meetings and
litigation, indemnification and extraordinary expenses.
The imposition of the Investment Adviser’s fees, as
well as any other operating expenses not borne by the Investment Adviser as described above, will have the effect of reducing the total return to investors. From time to
time, the Investment Adviser may waive receipt of its fees and/or voluntarily assume certain expenses of the Funds, which would have the effect of lowering the
Funds’ overall expense ratio and increasing total return to investors at the time such amounts are waived or assumed, as the case may be.
The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired fund fees and expenses, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, costs of holding shareholder meetings and litigation, indemnification and extraordinary expenses) to 0.05% of the average daily net assets for the ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF. This arrangement will remain in effect permanently. The Investment Adviser
may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF’s “Other Expenses” may
be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Fund.
Reimbursement and Other
Expense Reductions
For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, August 31, 2024 and August 31, 2023, “Other Expenses” of each Fund were reduced by the Investment Adviser in the following amounts under expense limitations that were then in effect:
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ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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The Investment Adviser has
agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired fund fees and expenses, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, expenses of shareholder meetings,
litigation and indemnification, and extraordinary expenses) to 0.05% of the average daily net assets for the ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF. This arrangement will remain in effect
permanently. The Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Fund.
Custodian, Sub-Custodians and Provider of Administrative Services
BNY is the custodian of the Trust’s portfolio securities and cash. The custodian of the Trust may change from time to time. BNY also maintains the Trust’s accounting records. BNY may appoint domestic and foreign sub-custodians and use depositories from time to time to hold securities and other instruments purchased by the Trust in foreign countries and to hold cash and currencies for the Trust.
BNY provides administrative services pursuant to a fund
administration agreement with the Trust (the “Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement”) pursuant to which BNY provides certain services, including, among
others, (i) preparation of certain shareholder reports and communications; (ii) preparation of certain reports and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission; (iii) certain net asset value computation services; and (iv) such other services for the Trust as may be mutually agreed upon between the Trust and BNY. For its services under the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement, BNY receives such fees based on a stated percentage of net assets as are agreed upon from time to time between the parties. In addition, BNY is reimbursed by the Funds for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement. In addition, an affiliate of BNY will also provide certain other services for the Trust, including, (i) providing foreign exchange transaction services and (ii) executing trades in connection with certain creation and redemption transactions effected partially in cash. For these services, the BNY affiliate will receive compensation based on levels that are negotiated with the Trust and/or the Investment Adviser. BNY also provides certain middle office services to GSAM pursuant to a service agreement.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
[ ] is the Funds’ independent
registered public accounting firm. The Funds’ independent registered public accounting firm may change from time to time. In addition to audit services, [ ]
provides assistance on certain non-audit matters.
Pursuant to an agreement between the Funds and BNY, the Funds may lend their securities through BNY as securities lending agent to certain qualified borrowers, including Goldman Sachs and its affiliates (the “Securities Agency Lending Agreement”). As securities lending agent of the Funds, BNY administers the Funds’ securities lending program. These services include arranging the securities loans with approved borrowers and collecting fees and rebates due to the Funds from each borrower. BNY also collects and maintains collateral intended to secure the obligations of each borrower and marks to market daily the value of loaned securities. If a
borrower defaults on a loan, BNY is
authorized to exercise contractual remedies as securities lending agent to the Fund and, pursuant to the terms of the Securities Lending Agency Agreement, has agreed to
indemnify the Fund for losses due to a borrower’s failure to return a lent security, which exclude losses associated with collateral reinvestment. BNY may also, in
its capacity as securities lending agent, invest cash received as collateral in pre-approved investments in accordance with the Securities Lending Agency Agreement. BNY maintains records of loans made and income derived therefrom and makes available such records that the Funds deem necessary to monitor the securities lending program.
For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, the Funds earned
income and incurred the following costs and expenses as a result of their securities lending activities:
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ActiveBeta®
Emerging
Markets
Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta®
Europe
Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta®
International
Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta®
Japan
Equity ETF |
ActiveBeta®
U.S. Large
Cap Equity
ETF |
ActiveBeta®
U.S. Small
Cap Equity
ETF |
ActiveBeta®
World Equity
ETF |
Gross Income from Securities Lending |
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Fees and/or Compensation for Securities Lending Activities and Related Services |
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Cash Collateral Management Fees3
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Aggregate Fees/Compensation for Securities Lending Activities |
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Net Income from the Securities Lending Activities |
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Amounts shown above may differ from
amounts disclosed in a Fund’s financial statements as a result of timing differences, reconciliations, and certain other adjustments.
1
Gross income includes income from the reinvestment of cash collateral, premium
income (i.e., rebates paid by the borrower to the lending Fund), loan fees paid by borrowers when collateral is noncash, management fees from a pooled cash collateral
reinvestment vehicle that are deducted from the vehicle’s assets before income is distributed, and any other income.
2
Revenue split represents the share of revenue generated by the securities lending
program and paid to BNY.
3
Cash collateral management fees include the contractual management fees deducted
from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle that are not included in the revenue split. The contractual management fees are derived from the pooled cash collateral
reinvestment vehicle’s most recently available prospectus or offering memorandum. Actual fees incurred from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle may differ due to other expenses, fee waivers and expense reimbursements.
POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
General Categories of Conflicts Associated with the Funds
Goldman Sachs (which, for purposes of this “POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST” section, shall mean, collectively, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., the Investment Adviser and their affiliates, directors, partners, trustees, managers, members, officers and employees) is a worldwide, full-service investment banking, broker-dealer, asset management and financial services organization and a major participant in global financial markets. As such, it provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and individuals. Goldman Sachs acts as broker-dealer, investment adviser, investment banker, underwriter, research provider, administrator, financier, adviser, market maker,
trader, prime broker, derivatives
dealer, clearing agent, lender, custodian, counterparty, agent, principal, distributor, investor or in other commercial capacities for accounts or companies (including
Fund portfolio companies) or affiliated or unaffiliated investment funds (including pooled investment vehicles and private funds). In those and other capacities, Goldman
Sachs advises and deals with clients and third parties in all markets and transactions and purchases, sells, holds and recommends a broad array of investments, including securities, derivatives, loans, commodities, currencies, credit default swaps, indices, baskets and other financial instruments and products, for its own account and for the accounts of clients and of its personnel. In addition, Goldman Sachs has direct and indirect interests in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, bank loan and other markets. In certain cases, the Investment Adviser causes the Funds to invest in products and strategies sponsored, managed or advised by Goldman Sachs or in which Goldman Sachs has an interest, either directly or indirectly, or otherwise restricts the Funds from making such investments, as further described herein. In this regard, there are instances when Goldman Sachs’ activities and dealings with other clients and third parties affect the Funds in ways that disadvantage the Funds and/or benefit Goldman Sachs or other Accounts.
In addition, the Investment Adviser’s activities on behalf of certain other entities that are not investment advisory clients of the Investment Adviser create conflicts of interest between such entities, on the one hand, and Accounts (including the Funds), on the other hand, that are the same as or similar to the conflicts that arise between the Funds and other Accounts, as described herein. In managing conflicts of interest that arise as a result of the foregoing, the Investment Adviser generally will be subject to fiduciary requirements. For purposes of this “POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST” section, “Funds” shall mean, collectively, the Funds and any of the other Goldman Sachs Funds, “Indexes” shall mean, collectively, stock market and other indexes that the Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates develop, own or operate and “Accounts” shall mean Goldman Sachs’ own accounts, accounts in which personnel of Goldman Sachs have an interest, accounts of Goldman Sachs’ clients, including separately managed accounts (or separate accounts), and investment vehicles that Goldman Sachs sponsors, manages or advises, including the Funds.
The conflicts herein do not purport to be a complete list or explanation of the conflicts associated with the financial or other interests the Investment Adviser or Goldman Sachs may have now or in the future. Additional information about potential conflicts of interest regarding the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs is set forth in the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV. A copy of Part 1 and Part 2A of the Investment Adviser's Form ADV is available on the SEC’s website (www.adviserinfo.sec.gov).
The Sale of Fund Shares and the Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Sales Incentives and Related Conflicts Arising from Goldman Sachs’ Financial and Other Relationships with Intermediaries
Goldman Sachs and its personnel, including employees of the Investment Adviser, receive benefits and earn fees and compensation for services provided to Accounts (including the Funds) and in connection with the distribution of the Funds. Any such fees and compensation are generally paid directly or indirectly out of the fees payable to the Investment Adviser in connection with the management of such Accounts (including the Funds). Moreover, Goldman Sachs and its personnel, including employees of the Investment Adviser, have relationships (both involving and not involving the Funds, and including without limitation placement, brokerage, advisory and board relationships) with distributors, consultants and others who recommend, or engage in transactions with or for, the Funds. Such distributors, consultants and other parties may receive compensation from Goldman Sachs or the Funds in connection with such relationships. As a result of these relationships, distributors, consultants and other parties have conflicts that create incentives for them to promote the Funds.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs and the
Funds have in the past made, and may in the future make, payments to authorized dealers and other financial intermediaries and to salespersons to promote the Funds. These
payments may be made out of Goldman Sachs’ assets or amounts payable to Goldman Sachs. These payments create an incentive for such persons to highlight, feature or recommend the Funds.
Allocation of Investment Opportunities Among the Funds and
Other Accounts
The Investment Adviser manages or advises multiple Accounts (including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs and its personnel have an interest) that have investment objectives that are the same or similar to the Funds and that seek to make or sell investments in the same securities or other instruments, sectors or strategies as the Funds. This creates potential conflicts, particularly in circumstances where the availability or liquidity of such investment opportunities is limited (e.g., in local and emerging markets, high
yield securities, fixed income
securities, direct loan originations, regulated industries, small capitalization, direct or indirect investments in private investment funds, investments in master
limited partnerships in the oil and gas industry, initial public offerings/new issues and privately-issued debt securities).
Accounts (including the Funds) may invest in other Accounts (including the Funds) at or near the establishment of such Accounts, which may facilitate the Accounts achieving a specified size or scale. Conversely, Accounts (including the Funds) may also invest in other Accounts (including the Funds) that are near the end of their life and investment by Accounts (including the Funds) may allow such products to continue in operation.
The Investment Adviser does not receive performance-based
compensation in respect of its investment management activities on behalf of the Funds, but may simultaneously manage Accounts for which the Investment Adviser receives
greater fees or other compensation (including performance-based fees or allocations) than it receives in respect of the Funds. The simultaneous management of Accounts that pay greater fees or other compensation and the Funds creates a conflict of interest as the Investment Adviser has an incentive to favor Accounts with the potential to receive greater fees when allocating resources, services, functions or investment opportunities among Accounts. For instance, the Investment Adviser will be faced with a conflict of interest when allocating scarce investment opportunities given the possibly greater fees from Accounts that pay performance-based fees.
To address these potential conflicts, the Investment Adviser has developed allocation policies and procedures that provide that the Investment Adviser’s personnel making portfolio decisions for Accounts will make investment decisions for, and allocate investment opportunities among, such Accounts consistent with the Investment Adviser’s fiduciary obligations. However, the availability, amount, timing, structuring or terms of an investment available to the Funds differ from, and performance may be lower than, the investments and performance of other Accounts in certain cases. In addition, these policies and procedures may result in the pro rata allocation (on a basis determined by the Investment Adviser) of limited opportunities across eligible Accounts managed by a particular portfolio management team, but in other cases such allocation may not be pro rata. Furthermore, certain investment opportunities sourced by the Investment Adviser, or Goldman Sachs businesses or divisions outside of the Investment Adviser, may be allocated to Goldman Sachs for its own account or investment vehicles organized to facilitate investment by its current or former directors, partners, trustees, managers, members, officers, employees, and their families and related entities, including employee benefit plans in which they participate, and current consultants, and not to Accounts. See Item 11 (“Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading—Participation or Interest in Client Transactions—Certain Effects of the Activities of Goldman Sachs and Advisory Accounts”) of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV.
Allocation-related decisions for the Funds and other Accounts are made by reference to one or more factors. Factors may include: the date of inception of the Account; the Account’s portfolio and its investment horizons and objectives (including with respect to portfolio construction and target returns); the risk profile of the investment; guidelines and restrictions (including legal and regulatory restrictions affecting certain Accounts or affecting holdings across Accounts); client instructions; adverse effects of timing on other Accounts or the Investment Adviser potentially participating in the investment opportunity; strategic fit and other portfolio management considerations, including different desired levels of exposure to certain strategies; the expected future capacity of the Funds and the applicable Accounts; limits on the Investment Adviser’s brokerage discretion; cash and liquidity needs and other considerations; anticipated magnitude of the overall investment program for the then current year and any changes in the rate at which the program is carried out; the availability (or lack thereof) of other appropriate or substantially similar investment opportunities; the opportunity to invest in different layers in the capital structure of a company; differences in benchmark factors and hedging strategies among Accounts; the Investment Adviser’s perception of a potential co-investment party’s interest; and the source of the investment opportunity. Suitability considerations, reputational matters and other considerations may also be considered.
In a case in which one or more Accounts are intended to be the Investment Adviser’s primary investment vehicles focused on, or to receive priority with respect to, a particular trading strategy (“Primary Vehicles”) (as determined in the Investment Adviser’s discretion, and including investments sourced by or available from the Investment Adviser or affiliates of the Investment Adviser), other Accounts (including the Funds) may not have access to such strategy or may have more limited access than would otherwise be the case. For example, access to such strategies may only be available to certain Accounts through an investment in a Primary Vehicle, which investment would result in additional management fees and/or performance-based compensation payable to the Investment Adviser. To the extent that such Accounts are managed by areas of Goldman Sachs other than the Investment Adviser, such Accounts will not be subject to the Investment Adviser’s allocation policies. Investments by such Accounts may reduce or eliminate the
availability of investment opportunities
to, or otherwise adversely affect, the Fund. Furthermore, in cases in which one or more Accounts are intended to be the Investment Adviser’s primary investment
vehicles focused on, or receive priority with respect to, a particular trading strategy or type of investment, such Accounts have specific policies or guidelines with
respect to Accounts or other persons receiving the opportunity to invest alongside such Accounts with respect to one or more investments (“Co-Investment Opportunities”). As a result, certain Accounts or other persons will receive allocations to, or rights to invest in, Co-Investment Opportunities that are not available generally to the Funds.
In addition, in some cases the Investment Adviser makes
investment recommendations to Accounts that make investment decisions independently of the Investment Adviser. In circumstances in which there is limited availability of
an investment opportunity, if such Accounts invest in the investment opportunity at the same time as, or prior to, a Fund, the availability of the investment opportunity for the Fund will be reduced irrespective of the Investment Adviser’s policies regarding allocations of investments.
The Investment Adviser, from time to time, develops and
implements new trading strategies or seeks to participate in new trading strategies and investment opportunities. These strategies and opportunities are not employed in
all Accounts or employed pro rata among Accounts where they are used, even if the strategy or opportunity is consistent with the objectives of such Accounts. Further, a trading strategy employed for a Fund that is similar to, or the same as, that of another Account may be implemented differently, sometimes to a material extent. For example, a Fund may invest in different securities or other assets, or invest in the same securities and other assets but in different proportions, than another Account with the same or similar trading strategy. The implementation of the Fund’s trading strategy depends on a variety of factors, including the portfolio managers involved in managing the trading strategy for the Account, the time difference associated with the location of different portfolio management teams, and the factors described above and in Item 6 (“PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT—Side-by-Side Management of Advisory Accounts; Allocation of Opportunities”) of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV.
During periods of unusual market conditions, the Investment Adviser may deviate from its normal trade allocation practices. For example, this may occur with respect to the management of unlevered and/or long-only Accounts that are typically managed on a side-by-side basis with levered and/or long-short Accounts.
The Investment Adviser and the Funds may receive notice of, or
offers to participate in, investment opportunities from third parties for various reasons. The Investment Adviser in its sole discretion will determine whether a Fund
will participate in any such investment opportunities and investors should not expect that the Fund will participate in any such investment opportunities unless the opportunities are received pursuant to contractual requirements, such as preemptive rights or rights offerings, under the terms of the Fund’s investments. Some or all Funds may, from time to time, be offered investment opportunities that are made available through Goldman Sachs businesses outside of the Investment Adviser, including, for example, interests in real estate and other private investments. In this regard, a conflict of interest exists to the extent that Goldman Sachs controls or otherwise influences the terms and pricing of such investments and/or retains other benefits in connection therewith. However, Goldman Sachs businesses outside of the Investment Adviser are under no general or other obligation or duty to provide investment opportunities to the Funds, and generally are not expected to do so. Further, opportunities sourced within particular portfolio management teams within the Investment Adviser may not be allocated to Accounts (including the Funds) managed by such teams or by other teams. Opportunities not allocated (or not fully allocated) to the Funds or other Accounts managed by the Investment Adviser may be undertaken by Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), including for Accounts, or made available to other Accounts or third parties, and the Funds will not receive any compensation related to such opportunities. Even in the case of an opportunity received by a Fund pursuant to contractual requirements, the Investment Adviser may decide in its discretion that the Fund will not participate in such opportunity for portfolio construction reasons, due to the investment objective and strategies of such Fund, or because the Investment Adviser determines that participation would not be appropriate for such Fund for other reasons, in which case the Investment Adviser may allocate such opportunity to another Account. Additional information about the Investment Adviser’s allocation policies is set forth in Item 6 (“PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT—Side-by-Side Management of Advisory Accounts; Allocation of Opportunities”) of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV.
As a result of the various considerations above, there will be cases in which certain Accounts (including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs and personnel of Goldman Sachs have an interest) receive an allocation of an investment opportunity (including an investment opportunity sourced by or available from the Investment Adviser or affiliates of the Investment Adviser) at times that the
Funds do not, or when the Funds receive
an allocation of such opportunities but on different terms than other Accounts (which may be less favorable). In addition, due to regulatory or other considerations, the
receipt of an investment opportunity by certain Funds may restrict or limit the ability of other Funds to receive an allocation of the same opportunity. The application
of these considerations may cause differences in the performance of different Accounts that employ strategies the same or similar to those of the Funds.
Certain Accounts may be unable to participate directly in particular types of investment opportunities (including those sourced by or available from the Investment Adviser or affiliates of the Investment Adviser), such as certain types of loans, due to the nature and/or size of the Accounts or limitations or prohibitions in applicable loan or transaction documentation. In addition, certain Accounts may be limited due to the timing or specific nature of the particular investment opportunity.
Multiple Accounts (including the Funds) may participate in a particular investment or incur expenses applicable in connection with the operation or management of the Accounts, or otherwise may be subject to costs or expenses that are allocable to more than one Account (which may include, without limitation, research expenses, technology expenses, valuation agent expenses, expenses relating to participation in bondholder groups, restructurings, class actions and other litigation, and insurance premiums). The Investment Adviser may allocate investment-related and other expenses on a pro rata or different basis. Certain Accounts are, by their terms or by determination of the Investment Adviser, on a case-by-case basis, not responsible for their share of such expenses, and, in addition, the Investment Adviser has agreed with certain Accounts to cap the amount of expenses (or the amount of certain types of expenses) borne by such Accounts, which results in such Accounts not bearing the full share of expenses they would otherwise have borne as described above. As a result, certain Accounts are responsible for bearing a different or greater amount of expenses, while other Accounts do not bear any, or do not bear their full share, of such expenses. The Investment Adviser may bear any such expenses on behalf of certain Accounts and not for others, as it determines in its sole discretion. If the Investment Adviser bears expenses on behalf of an Account and the Account subsequently receives reimbursement for such expenses, the Investment Adviser will generally be entitled to receive all or a portion of the amount of such reimbursement, up to the amount that was borne by the Investment Adviser on behalf of such Account.
Goldman Sachs’
Financial and Other Interests May Incentivize Goldman Sachs to Promote the Sale of Fund Shares
Goldman Sachs and its personnel have interests in promoting
sales of Fund shares, and the compensation from such sales may be greater than the compensation relating to sales of interests in other Accounts. Therefore, Goldman Sachs
and its personnel may have a financial interest in promoting Fund shares over interests in other Accounts.
Management of the Funds by the Investment Adviser
Considerations Relating to Information
Held by Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs has established certain information barriers and other policies designed to address the sharing of information between different businesses within Goldman Sachs. As a result of information barriers, the Investment Adviser generally will not have access, or will have limited access, to certain information and personnel, including senior personnel, in other areas of Goldman Sachs, and generally will not manage the Funds with the benefit of information held by such other areas. Goldman Sachs, due to its access to and knowledge of funds, markets and securities based on its prime brokerage and other businesses, will from time to time make decisions based on information or take (or refrain from taking) actions with respect to interests in investments of the kind held (directly or indirectly) by the Funds in a manner that is adverse to the Funds, and will not have any obligation or other duty to share information with the Investment Adviser.
In limited circumstances, however, including for purposes of
managing business and reputational risk, and subject to policies and procedures, personnel on one side of an information barrier may have access to information and
personnel on the other side of the information barrier through “wall crossings.” The Investment Adviser faces conflicts of interest in determining whether to
engage in such wall crossings. In addition, Goldman Sachs or the Investment Adviser may determine to move certain personnel, businesses, or business units from one side of an information barrier to the other side of the information barrier. In connection therewith, Goldman Sachs personnel, businesses, and business units that were moved will no longer have access to the personnel, businesses and business units on the side of the information barrier from which they were moved.
Information obtained in
connection with such wall crossings and changes to information barriers may limit or restrict the ability of the Investment Adviser to engage in or otherwise effect
transactions on behalf of the Funds (including purchasing or selling securities that the Investment Adviser may otherwise have purchased or sold for an Account in the
absence of a wall crossing or change to an information barrier). In managing conflicts of interest that arise as a result of the foregoing, the Investment Adviser generally will be subject to fiduciary requirements. Information barriers also exist between certain businesses within the Investment Adviser. The conflicts described herein with respect to information barriers and otherwise with respect to Goldman Sachs and the Investment Adviser also apply to the asset management business of Goldman Sachs Asset & Wealth Management (of which the Investment Adviser is a part), as well as to the other businesses within Goldman Sachs Asset & Wealth Management (including the Investment Adviser). In addition, there may also be circumstances in which, as a result of information held by certain portfolio management teams in the Investment Adviser, the Investment Adviser limits an activity or transaction for a Fund, including if the Fund is managed by a portfolio management team other than the team holding such information.
In addition, regardless of the existence of information barriers, Goldman Sachs will not have any obligation or other duty to make available for the benefit of the Funds any information regarding Goldman Sachs’ trading activities, strategies or views, or the activities, strategies or views used for other Accounts. Furthermore, to the extent that the Investment Adviser has developed fundamental analysis and proprietary technical models or other information, Goldman Sachs and its personnel, or other parts of the Investment Adviser, will not be under any obligation or other duty to share certain information with the Investment Adviser or personnel involved in decision-making for Accounts (including the Funds), and the Funds may make investment decisions that differ from those they would have made if Goldman Sachs had provided such information, and be disadvantaged as a result thereof.
Different areas of the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs take views, and make decisions or recommendations, that are different than those of other areas of the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs. Different portfolio management teams within the Investment Adviser make decisions based on information or take (or refrain from taking) actions with respect to Accounts they advise in a manner different than or adverse to the Funds. Such teams do not share information with the Funds’ portfolio management teams, including as a result of certain information barriers and other policies, and will not have any obligation or other duty to do so.
Goldman Sachs operates a business known as Prime Services, which provides prime brokerage, administrative and other services to clients that from time to time involve investment funds (including pooled investment vehicles and private funds) in which one or more Accounts invest (“Underlying Funds”) or markets and securities in which Accounts invest. Prime Services and other parts of Goldman Sachs have broad access to information regarding the current status of certain markets, investments and funds and detailed information about fund operators that is not available to the Investment Adviser. In addition, Goldman Sachs from time to time acts as a prime broker to one or more Underlying Funds, in which case Goldman Sachs will have information concerning the investments and transactions of such Underlying Funds that is not available to the Investment Adviser. As a result of these and other activities, parts of Goldman Sachs will possess information in respect of markets, investments, investment advisers that are affiliated or unaffiliated with Goldman Sachs and Underlying Funds, which, if known to the Investment Adviser, might cause the Investment Adviser to seek to dispose of, retain or increase interests in investments held by Accounts or acquire certain positions on behalf of Accounts, or take other actions. Goldman Sachs will be under no obligation or other duty to make any such information available to the Investment Adviser or personnel involved in decision-making for Accounts (including the Funds).
Valuation of the Funds’ Investments
The Investment Adviser performs certain
valuation services related to securities and assets held in the Funds. The Investment Adviser performs such valuation services in accordance with its valuation policies.
The Investment Adviser may value an identical asset differently than Goldman Sachs, or another division or unit within Goldman Sachs values the asset, including because
Goldman Sachs, or such other division or unit, has information or uses valuation techniques and models that it does not share with, or that are different than those of, the Investment Adviser. This is particularly the case in respect of difficult-to-value assets. The Investment Adviser may also value an identical asset differently in different Accounts, including because different Accounts are subject to different valuation guidelines pursuant to their respective governing agreements (e.g., in connection with certain regulatory restrictions applicable to different Accounts). In addition, there may be significant differences in the treatment of the same asset by the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs, other divisions or units of Goldman Sachs, and/or among Accounts (e.g., with respect to an asset that is a loan, there can be differences when it is determined that such loan is deemed to be on non-accrual status or in default). Differences in valuation should be expected where different third-party vendors are hired to perform valuation functions for
the Accounts, the Accounts are managed
or advised by different portfolio management teams within the Investment Adviser that employ different valuation policies or procedures, or otherwise. The Investment
Adviser will face a conflict with respect to valuations generally because of their effect on the Investment Adviser’s fees and other compensation. Furthermore, the
application of particular valuation policies with respect to the Funds will, under certain circumstances, result in improved performance of the Funds or enable
the Investment Adviser to more easily track the performance of an Index than might have been the case had the Investment Adviser applied different valuation policies.
Data and Information Sharing
Accounts, the Investment Adviser, and/or their respective affiliates, portfolio companies and other investments (collectively, the “Data Parties”) often possess data and information that they may utilize for various purposes and which they would not otherwise possess in the ordinary course of their businesses. For example, information relating to business operations, trends, budgets, customers or users, assets, funding and other metrics that the Data Parties possess or acquire through their management of Accounts and/or their own businesses and investment activities may be used by Goldman Sachs to identify and/or evaluate potential investments for Accounts and to facilitate the management of Accounts, including through operational improvements. Conversely, Goldman Sachs may use data and information that it has or acquires in connection with an Account’s activities for the benefit of Goldman Sachs’ own businesses and investment activities and their portfolio companies and other investments.
From time to time, Goldman Sachs may commission third-party research, at an Account’s expense, in connection with the diligence of an investment opportunity or in connection with its management of a portfolio investment, and such research is expected to subsequently be available to other investment vehicles (and such persons will generally not be required to compensate an Account for the benefit they receive from such research). Such benefits could be material and Goldman Sachs will have no duty, contractual, fiduciary or otherwise, not to use such information in connection with the business and investment activities of itself, Accounts and/or their portfolio companies and other investments.
Furthermore, except for contractual obligations to third parties
to maintain confidentiality of certain information, regulatory limitations on the use of material nonpublic information, and the Data Parties’ information walls,
Goldman Sachs is generally free to use data and information from an Account’s activities to assist in the pursuit of its various other interests and activities,
including to trade for the benefit of Goldman Sachs or another Account. Accounts and other sources of such data and information may not receive any financial or other benefit from having provided such data and information to Goldman Sachs. The potential ability to monetize such data and information may create incentives for Goldman Sachs to cause an Account to invest in entities and companies with a significant amount of data that it might not otherwise have invested in or on terms less favorable than it otherwise would have sought to obtain.
Goldman Sachs’ and the Investment
Adviser’s Activities on Behalf of Other Accounts
The Investment Adviser provides advisory services to the Funds. Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), the clients
it advises, and its personnel have interests in and advise Accounts that have investment objectives or portfolios similar to, related to or opposed to those of the Funds. Goldman Sachs may receive greater fees or other compensation (including performance-based fees) from such Accounts than it does from the Funds, in which case Goldman Sachs is incentivized to favor such Accounts. In addition, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), the clients it advises, and its personnel may engage (or consider engaging) in commercial arrangements or transactions with Accounts, and/or compete for commercial arrangements or transactions in the same types of companies, assets securities and other instruments, as the Funds. Such arrangements, transactions or investments adversely affect such Funds by, for example, limiting their ability to engage in such activity or affecting the pricing or terms of such arrangements, transactions or investments. Moreover, a particular Fund on the one hand, and Goldman Sachs or other Accounts, on the other hand, may vote differently on or take or refrain from taking different actions with respect to the same security, which are disadvantageous to the Fund. Additionally, as described below, the Investment Adviser faces conflicts of interest arising out of Goldman Sachs’ relationships and business dealings in connection with decisions to take or refrain from taking certain actions on behalf of Accounts when doing so would be adverse to Goldman Sachs’ relationships or other business dealings with such parties.
Transactions by, advice to and activities of Accounts (including with respect to investment decisions, voting and the enforcement of rights) may involve the same or related companies, securities or other assets or instruments as those in which the Funds invest, and
it should be expected that such Accounts
engage in a strategy while a Fund is undertaking the same or a differing strategy, any of which could directly or indirectly disadvantage the Fund (including its ability
to engage in a transaction or other activities).
In various circumstances, different Accounts make investments as part of a single transaction, including in situations in which
multiple Accounts comprise a single “fund family” and situations in which Accounts make investments on a side-by-side basis on the same terms and conditions. In these circumstances, the participating Accounts may have different interests, such as different investment timing horizons, including, for example, when certain Accounts are closed-end vehicles or otherwise have a limited investment period, while other Accounts are open-ended or otherwise have a less limited investment period. Similarly, capital contribution and other obligations associated with an investment may extend beyond a particular Account’s investment period or expected term. In such circumstances, the Investment Adviser may negotiate the terms of an investment on a collective basis and such terms may not be as favorable, from the perspective of a particular Account, than if the Account had been the sole participating Account. Terms required by one Account (for example, due to regulatory requirements) when it invests may negatively impact the ability of another Account to consummate the investment or may adversely alter its terms. Similarly, one Account may seek to dispose of an investment at a time when it would be desirable for another Account to continue to hold such investment (or vice versa). Depending on the structure of the applicable investment, disposing of a portion of the investment may be impractical or costly, or may have adverse effects on the rights of Accounts continuing to hold the investment. As a result, the Investment Adviser may be incentivized to accelerate or delay the sale, disposition or restructuring of an investment, which may have an adverse effect on certain of the Accounts participating in the transaction. Further, a particular Account that holds a minority interest in a portfolio company in which another Account owns a majority interest could be adversely affected in the context of restructuring and/or recapitalization transactions with respect to such portfolio company. When making an investment decision with respect to an investment in which multiple Accounts are invested, Goldman Sachs may primarily take into account the specific effect such investment decision will have on the Accounts as a whole, and not based on the best interests of any particular Account. In the event the Investment Adviser makes different investment decisions (including with respect to the timing of dispositions, additional investments, and other decisions) for Funds with respect to an investment in a common portfolio company, such Funds could have different rates of return and profit and loss on the investment or otherwise be adversely affected.
In addition, Goldman Sachs may be engaged to provide advice to
an Account that is considering entering into a transaction with a Fund, and Goldman Sachs may advise the Account not to pursue the transaction with the Fund, or otherwise
in connection with a potential transaction provide advice to the Account that would be adverse to the Fund. Additionally, if a Fund buys a security and an Account establishes a short position in that same security or in similar securities, such short position may result in the impairment of the price of the security that the Fund holds or could be designed to profit from a decline in the price of the security. A Fund could similarly be adversely impacted if it establishes a short position, following which an Account takes a long position in the same security or in similar securities. Furthermore, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) may make filings in connection with a shareholder class action lawsuit or similar matter involving a particular security on behalf of an Account (including a Fund), but not on behalf of a different Account (including a Fund) that holds or held the same security, or that is invested in or has extended credit to different parts of the capital structure of the same issuer. Accounts may also have different rights in respect of an investment with the same issuer, or invest in different classes of the same issuer that have different rights, including, without limitation, with respect to liquidity. The determination to exercise such rights by the Investment Adviser on behalf of such other Accounts may have an adverse effect on the Funds.
The Funds are expected to transact with a variety of
counterparties. Some of these counterparties will also engage in transactions with other Accounts managed by the Investment Adviser or another Goldman Sachs entity or
business unit. For example, a Fund may directly or indirectly purchase assets from a counterparty at the same time the counterparty (or an affiliate thereof) is also
negotiating to purchase different assets from another Account. This creates potential conflicts of interest, particularly with respect to the terms and purchase prices of the sales. For example, Goldman Sachs may receive fees or other compensation in connection with the sale of assets by an Account to a counterparty, which creates an incentive to negotiate a higher purchase price for those assets in a separate transaction where the Fund is a purchaser.
Similarly, a particular Fund may dispose of one or more assets
through a block sale that includes assets held by other Accounts or as part of a series of transactions in which assets from multiple Accounts are sold to the same
purchaser. This creates potential conflicts of interest, particularly with regard to the determination of the purchase prices of the applicable assets. For example,
Goldman Sachs may receive greater fees or other compensation (including performance-based fees) in connection with the sale of
assets in other Accounts that
participate in a block sale as compared to the compensation that Goldman Sachs receives in connection with the sale of assets by the particular Fund. There can be no
assurance that the compensation received by the particular Fund as a result of participating in a block sale would be greater than the compensation that the particular
Fund would receive if its assets were sold as part of a standalone transaction. Any such transaction will be effected in accordance with the Investment Adviser’s
fiduciary obligations.
Shareholders may be offered (or may already have) access to
advisory services through several different Goldman Sachs businesses (including through Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and the Investment Adviser). Different advisory
businesses within Goldman Sachs manage Accounts according to different strategies and apply different criteria to the same or similar strategies and have differing investment views in respect of an issuer or a security or other investment. Similarly, within the Investment Adviser, certain investment teams or portfolio managers can have differing or opposite investment views in respect of an issuer or a security, and as a result some or all of the positions a Fund’s investment team or portfolio managers take in respect of the Fund will be inconsistent with, or adversely affected by, the interests and activities of the Accounts advised by other investment teams or portfolio managers of the Investment Adviser. Research, analyses or viewpoints will be available to clients or potential clients at different times. Goldman Sachs will not have any obligation or other duty to make available to the Funds any research or analysis at any particular time or prior to its public dissemination. The Investment Adviser is responsible for making investment decisions on behalf of the Funds, and such investment decisions can differ from investment decisions or recommendations by Goldman Sachs on behalf of other Accounts. The timing of transactions entered into or recommended by Goldman Sachs, on behalf of itself or its clients, including the Funds, may negatively impact the Funds or benefit certain other Accounts. For example, if Goldman Sachs, on behalf of one or more Accounts, implements an investment decision or strategy ahead of, or contemporaneously with, or behind similar investment decisions or strategies made for the Funds (whether or not the investment decisions emanate from the same research analysis or other information), it could result, due to market impact or other factors, in liquidity constraints or in certain Funds receiving less favorable investment or trading results or incurring increased costs. Similarly, if Goldman Sachs implements an investment decision or strategy that results in a purchase (or sale) of a security for one Fund, such implementation may increase the value of such security already held by another Account (or decrease the value of such security that such other Account intends to purchase), thereby benefitting such other Account.
Subject to applicable law, the Investment Adviser is
incentivized to cause the Funds to invest in securities, bank loans or other obligations of companies affiliated with or advised by Goldman Sachs or in which Goldman
Sachs or Accounts have an equity, debt or other interest, or to engage in investment transactions that may result in other Accounts being relieved of obligations or
otherwise divested of investments, which may enhance the profitability of Goldman Sachs’ or other Accounts’ investment in and activities with respect to such companies. The Investment Adviser, in its discretion and in certain circumstances, recommends that certain Funds have ongoing business dealings, arrangements or agreements with persons who are (i) former employees of Goldman Sachs, (ii) affiliates or other portfolio companies of Goldman Sachs or other Accounts, (iii) Goldman Sachs’ employees’ family members and/or relatives and/or certain of their portfolio companies or (iv) persons otherwise associated with an investor in an Account or a portfolio company or service provider of Goldman Sachs or an Account. The Funds may bear, directly or indirectly, the costs of such dealings, arrangements or agreements. These recommendations, and recommendations relating to continuing any such dealings, arrangements or agreements, pose conflicts of interest and may be based on differing incentives due to Goldman Sachs’ relationships with such persons. In particular, when acting on behalf of, and making decisions for, Accounts, the Investment Adviser may take into account Goldman Sachs’ interests in maintaining its relationships and business dealings with such persons. As a result, the Investment Adviser faces conflicts of interest arising out of Goldman Sachs’ relationships and business dealings in connection with decisions to take or refrain from taking certain actions on behalf of Accounts when doing so would be adverse to Goldman Sachs’ relationships or other business dealings with such parties.
When the Investment Adviser wishes to place an order for
different types of Accounts (including the Funds) for which aggregation is not practicable, the Investment Adviser may use a trade sequencing and rotation policy to
determine which type of Account is to be traded first. Under this policy, each portfolio management team may determine the length of its trade rotation period and the sequencing schedule for different categories of clients within this period provided that the trading periods and these sequencing schedules are designed to be reasonable. Within a given trading period, the sequencing schedule establishes when and how frequently a given client category will trade first in the order of rotation. The Investment Adviser may deviate from the predetermined sequencing schedule under certain circumstances, and the Investment Adviser’s trade sequencing and rotation policy may be amended, modified or supplemented at any time without prior notice to clients.
Potential Conflicts Relating to Follow-On Investments
From time to time, the Investment Adviser provides opportunities to Accounts (including potentially the Funds) to make investments in companies in which certain Accounts have already invested. Such follow-on investments can create conflicts of interest, such as the determination of the terms of the new investment and the allocation of such opportunities among Accounts (including the Funds). Follow-on investment opportunities may be available to the Funds notwithstanding that the Funds have no existing investment in the issuer, resulting in the assets of the Funds potentially providing value to, or otherwise supporting the investments of, other Accounts. Accounts (including the Funds) may also participate in releveraging, recapitalization, and similar transactions involving companies in which other Accounts have invested or will invest. Conflicts of interest in these and other transactions arise between Accounts (including the Funds) with existing investments in a company or Accounts liquidating their investment in the company, on the one hand, and Accounts making subsequent investments in the company, on the other hand, which have opposing interests regarding pricing and other terms. In addition, the subsequent investments may dilute or otherwise adversely affect the interests of the previously-invested Accounts (including the Funds).
Diverse
Interests of Shareholders
It should be expected that the various types of investors in and beneficiaries of the Funds, including to the extent applicable the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, have conflicting investment, tax and other interests with respect to their interests in the Funds. When considering a potential investment for a Fund, the Investment Adviser will generally consider the investment objectives of the Fund, not the investment objectives of any particular investor or beneficiary. The Investment Adviser makes decisions, including with respect to tax matters, from time to time that will be more beneficial to one type of investor or beneficiary than another, or to the Investment Adviser and its affiliates than to investors or beneficiaries unaffiliated with the Investment Adviser. In addition, Goldman Sachs faces certain tax risks based on positions taken by the Funds, including as a withholding agent. Goldman Sachs reserves the right on behalf of itself and its affiliates to take actions adverse to the Funds or other Accounts in these circumstances, including withholding amounts to cover actual or potential tax liabilities.
Selection of Service
Providers
The Funds expect to engage service providers (including attorneys and consultants) that in certain cases also provide services to Goldman Sachs and other Accounts. In addition, certain service providers to the Investment Adviser or Funds are also portfolio companies or other affiliates of the Investment Adviser or other Accounts (for example, a portfolio company of an Account may retain a portfolio company of another Account). To the extent it is involved in such selection, the Investment Adviser intends to select these service providers based on a number of factors, including expertise and experience, knowledge of related or similar products, quality of service, reputation in the marketplace, relationships with the Investment Adviser, Goldman Sachs or others, and price. These service providers may have business, financial, or other relationships with Goldman Sachs (including its personnel), which may influence the Investment Adviser’s selection of these service providers for the Funds. In such circumstances, there is a conflict of interest between Goldman Sachs (acting on behalf of the Funds) and the Funds or between Funds if the Funds determine not to engage or continue to engage these service providers.
The Investment Adviser may, in its sole discretion, determine to
provide, or engage or recommend an affiliate of the Investment Adviser to provide, certain services, including, but not limited to, services such as internal legal and
accounting services, to the Funds, instead of engaging or recommending one or more third parties to provide such services. Subject to the governance requirements of a particular Fund and applicable law, the Investment Adviser or its affiliates, as applicable, will receive compensation in connection with the provision of such services. As a result, the Investment Adviser faces a conflict of interest when selecting or recommending service providers for the Funds. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the selection or recommendation of service providers for the Funds will be conducted in accordance with the Investment Adviser’s fiduciary obligations to the Funds. The service providers selected or recommended by the Investment Adviser may charge different rates to different recipients based on the specific services provided, the personnel providing the services, the complexity of the services provided or other factors. As a result, the rates paid with respect to these service providers by a Fund, on the one hand, may be more or less favorable than the rates paid by Goldman Sachs, including the Investment Adviser, on the other hand. In addition, the rates paid by the Investment Adviser or the Funds, on the one hand, may be more or less favorable than the rates paid by other parts of Goldman Sachs or Accounts managed by other parts of Goldman Sachs, on the other hand. Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), its personnel, and/or Accounts may hold
investments in companies that provide
services to entities in which the Funds invest generally, and, subject to applicable law, the Investment Adviser may refer or introduce such companies’ services to
entities that have issued securities held by the Funds.
Investments in Goldman Sachs Funds
To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Funds will, from time to time invest in money market and/or other funds sponsored, managed or advised by Goldman Sachs. In connection with any such investments, a Fund, to the extent permitted by the Act, will pay all advisory, administrative or Rule 12b-1 fees applicable to the investment. To the extent consistent with applicable law, certain Funds that invest in other funds sponsored, managed or advised by Goldman Sachs pay advisory fees to the Investment Adviser that are not reduced by any fees payable by such other funds to Goldman Sachs as manager of such other funds (i.e., there will be “double fees” involved in making any such investment, which would not arise in connection with the direct allocation of assets by investors in the Funds to such other funds). In such circumstances, as well as in all other circumstances in which Goldman Sachs receives any fees or other compensation in any form relating to the provision of services, no accounting or repayment to the Funds will be required.
The Investment Adviser, from time to time, manages Accounts
(including the Funds), which may, individually or in the aggregate, own a substantial amount of the Funds. Further, the Investment Adviser, its affiliates, or another
entity (i.e., a seed investor) may invest in the Funds at or near the establishment of such Funds, which may facilitate the Funds achieving a specified size or scale. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates may make payments to an investor that contributes seed capital to a Fund. Such payments may continue for a specified period of time and/or until a specified dollar amount is reached, and will be made from the assets of the Investment Adviser and/or such affiliates (and not the applicable Fund). Seed investors may contribute all or a majority of the assets in the Fund. There is a risk that such seed investors may redeem their investments in the Fund, particularly after payments from the Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates have ceased. Such redemptions could have a significant negative impact on the Fund, including on its liquidity and the market price of its shares.
Goldman Sachs May In-Source or
Outsource
Subject to applicable law, Goldman Sachs, including the Investment Adviser, may from time to time and without notice to investors in-source or outsource certain processes or functions in connection with a variety of services that it provides to the Funds in its administrative or other capacities. Depending upon the nature of the services and subject to the governing documents of the Fund, fees associated with in-sourced or outsourced services will be borne by a Fund or by the Investment Adviser. Such in-sourcing or outsourcing may give rise to additional conflicts of interest.
Distributions of Assets Other Than Cash
With respect to redemptions from the Funds, the Funds will, in certain circumstances, have discretion to decide whether to permit or limit redemptions and whether to make distributions in connection with redemptions in the form of securities or other assets, and in such case, the composition of such distributions. In making such decisions, the Investment Adviser will sometimes have a potentially conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities to redeeming investors and remaining investors.
Goldman Sachs Will Act in a Capacity Other Than Investment Adviser to the Funds
Investments in and Advice Regarding Different Parts of an Issuer’s Capital Structure
In some cases, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or Accounts, on the one hand, and the Funds, on the other hand, invest in or extend credit to the same issuer, but in different parts of the issuer’s capital structure. As a result, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or Accounts may take actions that adversely affect the Funds. In addition, in some cases, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) advises Accounts with respect to a portion of the capital structure of an issuer at the same time that a particular Account has an investment in different classes of securities of such issuer that are subordinate or senior to the securities with respect to which Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) is providing advice. Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) is able to pursue rights, provide advice or engage in other activities, or refrain from pursuing rights, providing
advice or engaging in other activities,
on behalf of itself or other Accounts with respect to an issuer in which the Funds have invested, and such actions (or inaction) may have a material adverse effect on the
Funds.
For example, in the event that Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or an Account holds loans, securities or other positions in the capital structure of an issuer that rank senior in preference to the holdings of a Fund in the same issuer, and the issuer experiences financial or operational challenges, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), acting on behalf of itself or the Account, may seek a liquidation, reorganization or restructuring of the issuer that has an adverse effect on or otherwise conflicts with the interests of the Fund’s holdings in the issuer. In determining its course of action, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) will not consider the interests of the particular Account. For example, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) may determine to seek a liquidation, reorganization or restructuring that causes the Fund’s holdings in the issuer to be extinguished or substantially diluted, while Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or another Account recovers some or all of the amounts due to them. In addition, in connection with any lending arrangements involving the issuer in which Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or an Account participates, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or the Account may seek to exercise its rights under the applicable loan agreement or other document, in a manner detrimental to the Fund. In situations in which Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) holds positions in multiple parts of the capital structure of an issuer across Accounts (including the Funds), the Investment Adviser may not pursue actions or remedies available to the Fund, as a result of legal and regulatory requirements or otherwise.
These potential issues are examples of conflicts that Goldman
Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) will face in situations in which the Funds, and Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or other Accounts, invest in or
extend credit to different parts of the capital structure of a single issuer. Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) addresses these issues based on the circumstances of particular situations. For example, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) relies on information barriers between different Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) business units or portfolio management teams. Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) in some circumstances relies on the actions of similarly situated holders of loans or securities rather than, or in connection with, taking such actions itself on behalf of the Funds.
As a result of the various conflicts and
related issues described above and the fact that conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of the interests of the Funds, the Funds could sustain losses during
periods in which Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) and other Accounts (including Accounts sponsored, managed or advised by the Investment Adviser) achieve
profits generally or with respect to particular holdings in the same issuer, or could achieve lower profits or higher losses than would have been the case had the conflicts described above not existed. It should be expected that the negative effects described above will be more pronounced in connection with transactions in, or the Funds’ use of, small capitalization, emerging market, distressed or less liquid strategies.
Principal and Cross Transactions
When permitted by applicable law and the Investment Adviser’s policies, the Investment Adviser, acting on behalf of certain Funds (for example, those employing taxable fixed income, municipal bond fixed income and structured investment strategies), may (but is under no obligation or other duty to) enter into transactions in securities and other instruments with or through Goldman Sachs or in Accounts managed by the Investment Adviser or its affiliates and cause the Funds to engage in transactions in which the Investment Adviser acts as principal on its own behalf (principal transactions), advises both sides of a transaction (cross transactions) and acts as broker for, and receives a commission from, the Funds on one side of a transaction and a brokerage account on the other side of the transaction (agency cross transactions). There are potential conflicts of interest, regulatory issues or restrictions contained in the Investment Adviser’s internal policies relating to these transactions which could limit the Investment Adviser’s determination and/or ability to engage in these transactions for Accounts (including the Funds). In certain circumstances such as when Goldman Sachs is the only or one of a few participants in a particular market or is one of the largest such participants, such limitations will eliminate or reduce the availability of certain investment opportunities to Accounts (including the Funds) or impact the price or terms on which transactions relating to such investment opportunities may be effected.
Goldman Sachs will have a potentially
conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities to the parties in such transactions. The Investment Adviser has developed policies and procedures in relation to
such transactions and conflicts. Cross transactions may disproportionately benefit some Accounts relative to other Accounts, including the Funds, due to the relative
amount of market
savings obtained by the Accounts, and
cross transactions may be effected at different prices for different Accounts due to differing legal and/or regulatory requirements applicable to such Accounts. Certain
Accounts are also prohibited from participating in cross transactions, even if consent is obtained. Where principal, cross or agency cross transactions are not
prohibited, such transactions will be effected in accordance with fiduciary requirements and applicable law (which include disclosure and consent).
Goldman Sachs Acting in Multiple Commercial
Capacities
To the extent permitted by applicable law, an issuer in which a Fund has an interest (or in which the Fund acquires an interest in the future) may hire Goldman Sachs to provide underwriting, merger advisory, other financial advisory, placement agency, foreign currency or other hedging, research, asset management services, brokerage services or other services to the issuer, including issuers whose securities are components of one or more indices, such as the Indexes, that are created and operated by Goldman Sachs. Furthermore, Goldman Sachs sponsors, manages, advises or provides services to affiliated Underlying Funds (or their personnel) in which the Funds invest. Goldman Sachs may be entitled to compensation in connection with the provision of such services and the operation of the Indexes that are tracked by the Funds, and the Funds will not be entitled to any such compensation. Goldman Sachs will have an interest in obtaining fees and other compensation in connection with such services that are favorable to Goldman Sachs, and in connection with providing such services takes commercial steps in its own interest, or advises the parties to which it is providing services, or takes other actions, any of which may have an adverse effect on a Fund. Such actions may benefit Goldman Sachs. For example, Goldman Sachs may require repayment of all or part of a loan from a company in which an Account (including a Fund) holds an interest, which could cause the company to default or be required to liquidate its assets more rapidly, which could adversely affect the value of the company and the value of the Funds invested therein. If Goldman Sachs advises a company to make changes to its capital structure, the result would be a reduction in the value or priority of a security held (directly or indirectly) by one or more Funds. In addition, underwriters, placement agents or managers of initial public offerings, including Goldman Sachs, often require the Funds who hold privately placed securities of a company to execute a lock-up agreement prior to such company’s initial public offering restricting the resale of the securities for a period of time before and following the IPO. As a result, the Investment Adviser will be restricted from selling the securities in such Funds at a more favorable price. Actions taken or advised to be taken by Goldman Sachs in connection with other types of transactions may also result in adverse consequences for the Funds. Goldman Sachs faces conflicts of interest in providing and selecting services for the Funds because Goldman Sachs provides many services and has many commercial relationships with companies and affiliated and unaffiliated Underlying Funds (or their applicable personnel). Providing services to the Funds and companies (or their personnel) in which the Funds invest enhances Goldman Sachs’ relationships with various parties, facilitates additional business development and enables Goldman Sachs to obtain additional business and/or generate additional revenue. Providing such services may also result in Goldman Sachs receiving substantial fees, compensation, and/or remuneration. The Funds will not be entitled to compensation related to any such benefit to businesses of Goldman Sachs. In addition, such relationships may adversely impact the Funds, including, for example, by restricting potential investment opportunities, as described below, incentivizing the Investment Adviser to take or refrain from taking certain actions on behalf of the Funds when doing so would be adverse to such business relationships, and/or influencing the Investment Adviser’s selection or recommendation of certain investment products and/or strategies over others.
Certain of Goldman Sachs’ activities
on behalf of its clients also restrict investment opportunities that are otherwise available to the Funds. For example, Goldman Sachs is often engaged by companies as a
financial advisor, or to provide financing or other services, in connection with commercial transactions that are potential investment opportunities for the Funds. There
are circumstances in which the Funds are precluded from participating in such transactions as a result of Goldman Sachs’ engagement by such companies. In addition, in connection with an equity offering of securities of a portfolio company for which Goldman Sachs is acting as an underwriter, Accounts may, in certain instances, be subject to regulatory restrictions (in addition to contractual restrictions) on their ability to sell equity securities of the portfolio company for a period after completion of the offering. Goldman Sachs reserves the right to act for these companies in such circumstances, notwithstanding the potential adverse effect on the Funds. Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) also represents creditor or debtor companies in proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (and equivalent non-U.S. bankruptcy laws) or prior to these filings. From time to time, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) serves on creditor or equity committees. It should be expected that these actions, for which Goldman Sachs may be compensated, will limit or preclude the flexibility that the Funds otherwise have to buy or sell securities issued by those companies, as well as certain other assets. Please also see “—Management of the Funds by the Investment Adviser—Considerations Relating to Information Held by Goldman Sachs” above and “—Potential Limitations and Restrictions on Investment Opportunities and Activities of Goldman Sachs and the Funds” below.
Goldman Sachs is
frequently engaged as a financial advisor or financing provider to corporations and other entities and their management teams, including companies in which Accounts have
an equity or debt investment, in connection with the sale of those companies or some or all of their assets. Goldman Sachs’ compensation in connection with these
engagements may be substantial and is usually based upon sales proceeds and contingent, in substantial part, upon a sale. As a result, in situations where sellers require
Goldman Sachs to act exclusively on their behalf, Accounts will be precluded in many instances from attempting to acquire securities of the business being sold or otherwise participate as a buyer in the transaction. Goldman Sachs’ decision to take on seller engagements is based upon a number of factors, including the likelihood in any particular situation that the successful buyer will be a financial purchaser rather than a strategic purchaser, the likelihood that any Accounts will be involved in the financing of that transaction and the compensation Goldman Sachs might receive by representing the seller. Goldman Sachs may be given a choice by a seller of acting as its agent, as a potential purchaser of securities or assets, or as a buyer’s source of financing through Accounts. Goldman Sachs reserves the right to act as the seller’s agent in those circumstances, even where this choice may preclude Accounts from acquiring the relevant securities or assets. Accounts can provide financing to buyers in connection with the buyer’s purchase of securities or assets where Goldman Sachs is acting as adviser to the seller.
Goldman Sachs also represents potential buyers of
businesses, including private equity sponsors, and Goldman Sachs’ compensation in connection with these representations may be substantial. In these cases, Goldman
Sachs’ compensation is usually a flat fee that is contingent, in substantial part, upon a purchase. Accordingly, Goldman Sachs may have an incentive to direct an
acquisition opportunity to one of these parties rather than to Accounts or to form a consortium with one or more of these parties to bid for the acquisition opportunity, thereby eliminating or reducing the investment opportunity available to Accounts. Furthermore, Goldman Sachs may seek to provide acquisition financing to one or more other bidders in these auctions, including in situations where an Account is bidding for the asset. In addition, Accounts may seek to provide acquisition financing to the buyer or one or more other bidders, which could be in competition with Goldman Sachs providing acquisition financing. Moreover, Goldman Sachs may provide financing to an Account in situations where it is also offering financing to one or more other bidders and such other bidders could be in competition with Accounts to provide financing. Goldman Sachs’ buyer and financing assignments may include representation of clients who would not permit either Goldman Sachs or affiliates thereof, potentially including Accounts, to invest in the acquired company. In this case, none of the Investment Adviser or its affiliates, including Accounts, would be allowed to participate as an investor. In some cases, a buyer represented by Goldman Sachs may invite Investment Adviser and certain Accounts to participate in the investment. Alternatively, Investment Adviser and certain Accounts may be invited to provide financing for this type of purchase. Each of these situations is likely to present difficult competing considerations involving conflicts of interest between Goldman Sachs and Accounts, including, for example, the price or terms of any Account investment in a company advised by Goldman Sachs. In addition, Goldman Sachs may accept buyer advisory assignments in respect of a company in which Accounts have an equity or debt investment. Accounts may be precluded from selling their investment during the assignment. Goldman Sachs evaluates potential buyer assignments in light of factors similar to those that will be considered in engaging in seller assignments.
Subject to applicable law, the Investment Adviser is incentivized to cause the Funds to invest in securities, bank loans or other obligations of companies affiliated with or advised by Goldman Sachs or in which Goldman Sachs or Accounts have an equity, debt or other interest, or to engage in investment transactions that may result in Goldman Sachs or other Accounts being relieved of obligations or otherwise divested of investments. For example, subject to applicable law certain Funds may acquire securities or indebtedness of a company affiliated with Goldman Sachs directly or indirectly through syndicate or secondary market purchases, or make a loan to, or purchase securities from, a company that uses the proceeds to repay loans made by Goldman Sachs. These activities by a Fund may enhance the profitability of Goldman Sachs or other Accounts with respect to their investment in and activities relating to such companies. The Fund will not be entitled to compensation as a result of this enhanced profitability.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) creates, writes, sells, issues, invests in or acts as placement agent or distributor of derivative instruments related to the Funds, or with respect to underlying securities or assets of the Funds or which are be otherwise based on or seek to replicate or hedge the performance of the Funds. Such derivative transactions, and any associated hedging activity, may differ from and be adverse to the interests of the Funds.
Goldman Sachs makes loans to, and enters into margin, asset-based or other credit facilities or similar transactions with, clients, companies or individuals that are secured by publicly or privately held securities or other assets, including a client’s Fund shares as described above. Some of these borrowers are public or private companies, or founders, officers or shareholders in companies in which the Funds (directly or indirectly) invest, and such loans may be secured by securities of such companies, which may be the
same as, pari passu with, or more senior
or junior to, interests held (directly or indirectly) by the Funds. Other borrowers include certain Goldman Sachs clients that pledge their interests in certain Accounts
to Goldman Sachs as collateral for such loans. In connection with its rights as lender, Goldman Sachs acts to protect its own commercial interest and may take actions
that adversely affect the borrower, including by liquidating or causing the liquidation of securities on behalf of a borrower or foreclosing and liquidating such securities in Goldman Sachs’ own name. Such actions will adversely affect the Funds (if, for example, a large position in a security is liquidated, among the other potential adverse consequences will be that the value of such security will decline rapidly and the Funds will in turn decline in value or will be unable to liquidate their positions in such security at an advantageous price or at all). In addition, any foreclosure on collateral consisting of interests in an Account could have an adverse effect on that Account and its financing arrangements. In addition, Goldman Sachs may make loans to shareholders or enter into similar transactions that are secured by a pledge of, or mortgage over, a shareholder’s Fund shares, which would provide Goldman Sachs with the right to redeem such Fund shares in the event that such shareholder defaults on its obligations. These transactions and related redemptions may be significant and may be made without notice to the shareholders.
Conflicts of interest also arise in the context of
a restructuring or refinancing of debt securities that are owned by both Goldman Sachs and certain Accounts. In connection with any such restructuring or refinancing, the
issuer could ask for broad liability releases not only from the participants themselves, but in addition from any affiliates of the participants that also hold the debt
securities being restructured or refinanced. To the extent that a particular Account does not have the authority to provide such a release and is unable to negotiate a narrower release, it would be precluded from participating in the transaction, which could disadvantage such Account.
Allocation of Personnel, Services and/or Resources
Conflicts of interest may arise in
allocating time, personnel and/or resources of the Investment Adviser among the investment activities of multiple Accounts. The Investment Adviser and other Goldman Sachs
personnel who play key roles in managing the Accounts may spend a portion of their time on matters other than or only tangentially related to any particular Account, or
may leave the Investment Adviser for another investment group of Goldman Sachs (or may leave Goldman Sachs entirely). Time may be spent on other Goldman Sachs investment activities, including without limitation, investments made on behalf of Goldman Sachs and certain other entities (including special purpose acquisition companies) that are not investment advisory clients of the Investment Adviser. As a result, the other obligations of these individuals could conflict with their responsibilities to any of the Accounts. Further, the Investment Adviser may devote less time, services or resources to sourcing for investments of insufficient size to be expected to be shared with the other Accounts, even where such investment opportunities may be in the best interest of an Account.
Code of Ethics and Personal Trading
Each of the Funds and Goldman Sachs, as each Fund’s
Investment Adviser and Distributor, has adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) in compliance with Section 17(j) of the Act designed to provide that
personnel of the Investment Adviser, and certain additional Goldman Sachs personnel who support the Investment Adviser, comply with applicable federal securities laws and
place the interests of clients first in conducting personal securities transactions. The Code of Ethics imposes certain restrictions on securities transactions in the personal accounts of covered persons to help avoid conflicts of interest. Subject to the limitations of the Code of Ethics, covered persons buy and sell securities or other investments for their personal accounts, including investments in the Funds, and also take positions that are the same as, different from, or made at different times than, positions taken (directly or indirectly) by the Funds. The Codes of Ethics are available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies may also be obtained after paying a duplicating fee by electronic request to publicinfo@sec.gov. Additionally, all Goldman Sachs personnel, including personnel of the Investment Adviser, are subject to firm-wide policies and procedures regarding confidential and proprietary information, information barriers, private investments, outside business activities and personal trading. The Investment Adviser requires pre-clearance of personal securities transactions, both public and private, by the Investment Adviser personnel and the Investment Adviser can deny any such transaction in its discretion. In order to address potential conflicts of interest with the Accounts and other legal and regulatory restrictions (such as when the Investment Adviser has confidential information about a portfolio company), Goldman Sachs maintains a list of securities in which the Investment Adviser personnel cannot trade. Additionally, the Investment Adviser generally does not allow its personnel to purchase securities of single-name public issuers.
Proxy Voting by the
Investment Adviser
The Investment Adviser has implemented processes designed to prevent conflicts of interest from influencing proxy voting decisions that it makes on behalf of advisory clients, including the Funds, and to help ensure that such decisions are made in accordance with its fiduciary obligations to its clients. Notwithstanding such proxy voting processes, proxy voting decisions made by the Investment Adviser in respect of securities held by the Funds may benefit the interests of Goldman Sachs and/or Accounts other than the Funds. Examples of material conflicts of interest that could arise in connection with a proxy voting decision include, without limitation, circumstances in which (i) Goldman Sachs has a business relationship with or other interests in the issuer or another interested party and (ii) Goldman Sachs personnel have a personal relationship with personnel of the issuer or another interested party. Conflicts of interest relating to proxy voting decisions also arise in situations in which Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) or Accounts (including the Funds), on the one hand, and a particular Account, on the other hand, invest in or extend credit to the same issuer, but in different parts of the issuer’s capital structure. See Item 11 (“Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading–Participation or Interest in Client Accounts–Investments in and Advice Regarding Different Parts of an Issuer’s Capital Structure”) of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV. For a more detailed discussion of these policies and procedures, see the section of this SAI titled “PROXY VOTING.”
Potential Limitations and Restrictions on Investment Opportunities and Activities of Goldman Sachs and the Funds
The Investment Adviser restricts its investment decisions and activities on behalf of the Funds in various circumstances, including as a result of applicable regulatory requirements, information held by the Investment Adviser or Goldman Sachs, Goldman Sachs’ roles in connection with other clients and in the capital markets (including in connection with advice it gives to such clients or commercial arrangements or transactions that are undertaken by such clients or by Goldman Sachs), Goldman Sachs’ internal policies and/or potential reputational risk in connection with Accounts (including the Funds). In certain cases, the Investment Adviser will not engage in transactions or other activities for, or enforce certain rights in favor of, one or more Funds due to Goldman Sachs’ activities outside the Funds (e.g., the Investment Adviser may refrain from making investments for the Funds that would cause Goldman Sachs to exceed position limits or cause Goldman Sachs to have additional disclosure obligations and may limit purchases or sales of securities in respect of which Goldman Sachs is engaged in an underwriting or other distribution) and regulatory requirements, policies and reputational risk assessments.
In addition, in certain circumstances, the Investment Adviser
restricts, limits or reduces the amount of a Fund’s investment, or restricts the type of governance or voting rights it acquires or exercises, where the Fund
(potentially together with Goldman Sachs and other Accounts) exceeds a certain ownership interest, or possesses certain degrees of voting or control or has other
interests. For example, such limitations may exist if a position or transaction could require a filing or license or other regulatory or corporate consent, which could, among other things, result in additional costs and disclosure obligations for, or impose regulatory restrictions on, Goldman Sachs, including the Investment Adviser, or on other Accounts, or where exceeding a threshold is prohibited or results in regulatory or other restrictions. In certain cases, restrictions and limitations will be applied to avoid approaching such threshold. Circumstances in which such restrictions or limitations arise include, without limitation: (i) a prohibition against owning more than a certain percentage of an issuer’s securities; (ii) a “poison pill” that has a dilutive impact on the holdings of the Fund should a threshold be exceeded; (iii) provisions that cause Goldman Sachs to be considered an “interested stockholder” of an issuer; (iv) provisions that cause Goldman Sachs to be considered an “affiliate” or “control person” of the issuer; and (v) the imposition by an issuer (through charter amendment, contract or otherwise) or governmental, regulatory or self-regulatory organization (through law, rule, regulation, interpretation or other guidance) of other restrictions or limitations. In addition, due to regulatory restrictions, certain Accounts are prohibited from, or are subject to certain restrictions when, trading with or through Goldman Sachs, engaging Goldman Sachs as a service provider or purchasing investments issued or managed by Goldman Sachs.
When faced with the foregoing limitations, Goldman Sachs will generally avoid exceeding the threshold because exceeding the threshold could have an adverse impact on the ability of the Investment Adviser or Goldman Sachs to conduct its business activities. The Investment Adviser may also reduce a Fund’s interest in, or restrict a Fund from participating in, an investment opportunity that has limited availability or where Goldman Sachs has determined to cap its aggregate investment in consideration of certain regulatory or other requirements so that other Accounts that pursue similar investment strategies are able to acquire an interest in the investment opportunity. In some cases, the Investment Adviser determines not to engage in certain transactions or activities beneficial to the
Funds because engaging in such
transactions or activities in compliance with applicable law would result in significant cost to, or administrative burden on, the Investment Adviser or create the
potential risk of trade or other errors.
The Investment Adviser generally is not permitted to use material non-public information in effecting purchases and sales in transactions for the Funds that involve public securities. The Investment Adviser may limit an activity or transaction (such as a purchase or sale transaction) which might otherwise be engaged in by the Funds, including as a result of information held by Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser or its personnel). For example, directors, officers and employees of Goldman Sachs may take seats on the boards of directors of, or have board of directors observer rights with respect to, companies in which Goldman Sachs invests on behalf of the Funds. To the extent a director, officer or employee of Goldman Sachs were to take a seat on the board of directors of, or have board of directors observer rights with respect to, a public company, the Investment Adviser (or certain of its investment teams) may be limited and/or restricted in its or their ability to trade in the securities of the company. In addition, any such director, officer or employee of Goldman Sachs that is a member of the board of directors of a portfolio company may have duties in his or her capacity as a director that conflict with the Investment Adviser’s duties to Accounts, and may act in a manner that disadvantages or otherwise harms a Fund and/or Goldman Sachs. In addition, the Investment Adviser may, in its sole discretion, determine to limit the information it receives in respect of an investment opportunity to avoid receiving material non-public information. As a result, other investors may be in possession of information in respect of investments, which, if known to the Investment Adviser, might cause the Investment Adviser to not make such investment, to seek to dispose of, retain or increase interests in such investments, or take other actions. Any decision by the Investment Adviser to limit access to such information may be disadvantageous to an Account.
Different areas of Goldman Sachs come into possession of
material non-public information regarding an issuer of securities held by an Underlying Fund in which an Account invests. In the absence of information barriers between
such different areas of Goldman Sachs or under certain other circumstances, the Account will be prohibited, including by internal policies, from trading, redeeming
from or otherwise disposing of such security or such Underlying Fund during the period such material non-public information is held by such other part of Goldman Sachs, which period may be substantial. As a result, the Account would not be permitted to redeem from an Underlying Fund in whole or in part during periods when it otherwise would have been able to do so, which could adversely affect the Account. Other investors in the Underlying Fund that are not subject to such restrictions may be able to redeem from the Underlying Fund during such periods.
In addition, the Investment Adviser’s clients may
partially or fully fund a new Account with in-kind securities in which the Investment Adviser is restricted. In such circumstances, the Investment Adviser will generally
sell any such securities at the next available trading window, subject to operational and technological limitations (unless such securities are subject to another express
arrangement), requiring such Accounts to dispose of investments at an earlier or later date and/or at a less favorable price than would otherwise have been the case had the Investment Adviser not been so restricted. Accounts will be responsible for all tax liabilities that result from any such sale transactions.
The Investment Adviser operates a program reasonably designed to
ensure compliance generally with economic and trade sanctions-related obligations applicable directly to its activities (although such obligations are not necessarily the
same obligations to which any particular Fund is subject). Such economic and trade sanctions may prohibit, among other things, transactions with and the provision of services to, directly or indirectly, certain countries, territories, entities and individuals. It should be expected that these economic and trade sanctions, if applicable, and the application by the Investment Adviser of its compliance program in respect thereof, will restrict or limit the Funds’ investment activities, and may require the Investment Adviser to cause a Fund to sell its position in a particular investment at an inopportune time and/or when the Investment Adviser would otherwise not have done so.
The Investment Adviser may determine to limit or not engage at all in transactions and activities on behalf of the Funds for reputational, legal or other reasons. Examples of when such determinations may be made include, but are not limited to, where Goldman Sachs is providing (or may provide) advice or services to an entity involved in such activity or transaction, where Goldman Sachs or an Account is or may be engaged in the same or a related activity or transaction to that being considered on behalf of the Funds, where Goldman Sachs or an Account has an interest in an entity involved in such activity or transaction, where there are political, public relations, or other reputational considerations relating to counterparties or other participants in such activity or transaction or where such activity or transaction on behalf of or in respect of the Funds could affect in tangible or intangible ways Goldman Sachs, the Investment Adviser, an Account or their activities.
Goldman Sachs has and
seeks to have long-term relationships with many significant participants in the financial markets. Goldman Sachs also has and seeks to have longstanding relationships
with, and regularly provides financing, investment banking services and other services to, a significant number of corporations and private equity sponsors, leveraged
buyout and hedge fund purchasers, and their respective senior managers, shareholders and partners. Some of these purchasers may directly or indirectly compete with Accounts for investment opportunities. Goldman Sachs considers these relationships, as well as client relationships and reputational considerations, in its management of Accounts. In this regard, there may be certain investment opportunities or certain investment strategies that Goldman Sachs (i) does not undertake on behalf of Accounts in view of these relationships, or (ii) refers to clients (in whole or in part) instead of retaining for Accounts. Similarly, Goldman Sachs may take the existence and development of such relationships into consideration in the management of Fund portfolios. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, there may, for example, be certain strategies involving the acquisition, management or realization of particular investments that an Account will not employ in light of these relationships, as well as investment opportunities or strategies that an Account will not pursue in light of their potential impact on other areas of Goldman Sachs or on Account investments or be unable to pursue as a result of non-competition agreements or other similar undertakings made by Goldman Sachs.
Goldman Sachs will consider its client
relationships and the need to preserve its reputation in its management of Accounts and, as a result, (i) there may be certain investment opportunities or strategies that
Goldman Sachs will not undertake on behalf of Funds or will refer to one or more Funds but not others, (ii) there may be certain rights or activities that Goldman Sachs
will not undertake on behalf of Funds (including in respect of director representation and recusal), or (iii) there may be certain investments that, in certain limited circumstances, are sold, disposed of or restructured earlier or later than otherwise expected.
In order to engage in certain transactions on behalf of a Fund, the Investment Adviser will also be subject to (or cause the Fund to become subject to) the rules, terms and/or conditions of any venues through which it trades securities, derivatives or other instruments. This includes, but is not limited to, where the Investment Adviser and/or the Fund are required to comply with the rules of certain exchanges, execution platforms, trading facilities, clearing houses and other venues, or are required to consent to the jurisdiction of any such venues. The rules, terms and/or conditions of any such venue often result in the Investment Adviser and/or the Fund being subject to, among other things, margin requirements, additional fees and other charges, disciplinary procedures, reporting and recordkeeping, position limits and other restrictions on trading, settlement risks and other related conditions on trading set out by such venues.
From time to time, a Fund, the Investment Adviser or its
affiliates and/or their service providers or agents are required, or determine that it is advisable, to disclose certain information about the Fund, including, but not
limited to, investments held by the Fund, and the names and percentage interest of beneficial owners thereof (and the underlying beneficial owners of such beneficial
owners), to third parties, including local governmental authorities, regulatory organizations, taxing authorities, markets, exchanges, clearing facilities, custodians, brokers and trading counterparties of, or service providers to, the Investment Adviser or the Fund. The Investment Adviser generally expects to comply with requests to disclose such information as it so determines including through electronic delivery platforms; however, in some cases, the Investment Adviser will cause the sale of certain assets for the Fund rather than make certain required disclosures, at a time that is inopportune from a pricing or other standpoint. In addition, the Investment Adviser may provide third parties with aggregated data regarding the activities of, or certain performance or other metrics associated with the Accounts, and the Investment Adviser may receive compensation from such third parties for providing them such information.
Goldman Sachs may become subject to additional restrictions on
its business activities that could have an impact on the Funds’ activities. In addition, the Investment Adviser may restrict its investment decisions and activities
on behalf of the Funds and not other Accounts, including Accounts sponsored, managed or advised by the Investment Adviser.
Subject to applicable law, the Investment Adviser often selects
U.S. and non-U.S. broker-dealers (including affiliates of the Investment Adviser) that furnish the Investment Adviser, the Funds, Investment Adviser affiliates and other
Goldman Sachs personnel with proprietary or third-party brokerage and research services (collectively, “brokerage and research services”) that provide, in the Investment Adviser’s's view, appropriate assistance to the Investment Adviser in the investment decision-making process. These brokerage and research services may be bundled with the trade execution, clearing or settlement services provided by
a particular broker-dealer and, subject
to applicable law, the Investment Adviser may pay for such brokerage and research services with client commissions (or “soft dollars”). There are instances or
situations in which such practices are subject to restrictions under applicable law. For example, the EU’s Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II
(“MiFID II”) restricts EU domiciled investment advisers from receiving research and other materials that do not qualify as “acceptable minor
non-monetary benefits” from broker-dealers unless the research or materials are paid for by the investment advisers from their own resources or from research
payment accounts funded by and with the agreement of their clients.
Accounts differ with regard to whether and to what
extent they pay for brokerage and research services through commissions and, subject to applicable law, brokerage and research services may be used to service the Funds
and any or all other Accounts throughout the Investment Adviser, including Accounts that do not pay commissions to the broker-dealer relating to the brokerage and research service arrangements. As a result, brokerage and research services (including soft dollar benefits) may disproportionately benefit other Accounts relative to the Funds based on the relative amount of commissions paid by the Funds and in particular those Accounts that do not pay for brokerage and research services or do so to a lesser extent, including in connection with the establishment of maximum budgets for research costs (and switching to execution-only pricing when maximums are met). The Investment Adviser does not attempt to allocate soft dollar benefits proportionately among clients or to track the benefits of brokerage and research services to the commissions associated with a particular Account or group of Accounts.
Aggregation of Orders by the Investment Adviser
The Investment Adviser follows policies and
procedures pursuant to which it may (but is not required to) combine or aggregate purchase or sale orders for the same security or other instrument for multiple Accounts
(including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs or personnel of Goldman Sachs have an interest) (sometimes referred to as “bunching”), so that the orders can be
executed at the same time and block trade treatment of any such orders can be elected when available. The Investment Adviser aggregates orders when the Investment Adviser considers doing so to be operationally feasible and appropriate and in the interests of its clients and may elect block trade treatment when available. In addition, under certain circumstances orders for the Funds may be aggregated with orders for Accounts that contain Goldman Sachs assets.
When a bunched order or block trade is completely filled, or if
the order is only partially filled, at the end of the day, the Investment Adviser generally will allocate the securities or other instruments purchased or the proceeds of
any sale pro rata among the participating Accounts, based on the Funds’ relative sizes. If an order is filled at several different prices, through multiple trades
(whether at a particular broker-dealer or among multiple broker-dealers), generally all participating Accounts will receive the average price and pay the average commission, however, this may not always be the case (due to, e.g., odd lots, rounding, market practice or constraints applicable to particular Accounts).
Although it may do so in certain circumstances, the Investment
Adviser does not always bunch or aggregate orders for different Funds, elect block trade treatment or net buy and sell orders for the same Fund, if portfolio management
decisions relating to the orders are made by different portfolio management teams or if different portfolio management processes are used for different account types, if bunching, aggregating, electing block trade treatment or netting is not appropriate or practicable from the Investment Adviser’s operational or other perspective, or if doing so would not be appropriate in light of applicable regulatory considerations, which may differ among Accounts. For example, time zone differences, trading instructions, cash flows, separate trading desks or portfolio management processes may, among other factors, result in separate, non-aggregated, non-netted executions, with orders in the same instrument being entered for different Accounts at different times or, in the case of netting, buy and sell trades for the same instrument being entered for the same Account. The Investment Adviser may be able to negotiate a better price and lower commission rate on aggregated orders than on orders for Funds that are not aggregated, and incur lower transaction costs on netted orders than orders that are not netted. The Investment Adviser is under no obligation or other duty to aggregate or net for particular orders. Where orders for a Fund are not aggregated with other orders, or not netted against orders for the Fund or other Accounts, the Fund will not benefit from a better price and lower commission rate or lower transaction cost that might have been available had the orders been aggregated or netted. Aggregation and netting of orders may disproportionately benefit some Accounts relative to other Accounts, including a Fund, due to the relative amount of market savings obtained by the Accounts. The Investment Adviser may aggregate orders of Accounts that are subject to MiFID II (“MiFID II Advisory Accounts”) with orders of Accounts not subject to MiFID II, including those that generate soft dollar commissions (including the Funds) and those that restrict the use of soft dollars. All Accounts included in an aggregated order with MiFID II Advisory Accounts pay (or receive) the same average price for the security and the
same execution costs (measured by rate).
However, MiFID II Advisory Accounts included in an aggregated order may pay commissions at “execution-only” rates below the total commission rates paid by
Accounts included in the aggregated order that are not subject to MiFID
II.
Affiliated Indexes and ETFs
The Investment Adviser and its affiliates have in the past, and may in the future, develop, own and operate Indexes based on investment and trading strategies and concepts developed by the Investment Adviser or its affiliates (“Investment Adviser Strategies”). The Investment Adviser may in the future enter into revenue sharing arrangements with third-party co-developers of an Index pursuant to which the Investment Adviser receives a portion of the fees generated from licensing the right to use the Index or components thereof to third parties. Some of the Funds seek to track the performance of the Indexes. The Investment Adviser manages Accounts which track the same Indexes used by the Funds or which are based on the same, or substantially similar, Investment Adviser Strategies that are used in the operation of the Indexes and the Funds. The operation of the Indexes, the Funds and the Accounts in this manner gives rise to potential conflicts of interest.
For example, Accounts that track the same
Indexes used by the Funds may engage in purchases and sales of securities prior to when the Index and the Funds engage in similar transactions because such Accounts may
be managed and rebalanced on an ongoing basis, whereas the Funds’ portfolios are only rebalanced on a periodic basis corresponding with the rebalancing of the
Index. These differences may result in the Accounts having more favorable performance relative to that of the Index and the Funds or other Accounts that track the Index. Other potential conflicts include the potential for unauthorized access to Index information, allowing Index changes that benefit the Investment Adviser or other Accounts and not the investors in the Funds, and the manipulation of Index pricing to present the performance of the Funds, or tracking ability, in a preferential light.
The Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures that are designed to address potential conflicts that arise in connection with the Investment Adviser’s operation of the Indexes, the Funds and the Accounts. The Investment Adviser has established certain information barriers and other policies designed to address the sharing of information between different businesses within the Investment Adviser, including with respect to personnel responsible for maintaining the Indexes and those involved in decision-making for the Funds. In addition, as described above in “—Code of Ethics and Personal Trading,” the Investment Adviser has adopted a Code of Ethics.
In addition, because knowledge of the Index constituents and/or
their weights in advance of public disclosure of such information may constitute material, non-public information, Solactive AG, as calculation agent, publishes index
constituent data on its website on a daily basis reflecting a hypothetical indication of the weighting and holdings of the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity Index, the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity Index, the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity Index, the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity Index, the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity Index, the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index and the Goldman Sachs
ActiveBeta® World Equity Index. Such information is a hypothetical indication of what the weightings and constituents would be if each Index were rebalanced on a daily basis and may differ substantially from the constituents at the next actual rebalance. Neither the Investment Adviser nor its affiliates guarantees the availability, timeliness, accuracy and/or completeness of this information nor any data included therein. Such hypothetical information is for informative purposes only and does not reflect the constituents of the applicable Index.
To the extent it is intended that a Fund track an Index, the Fund may not match, and may vary substantially from, the Index for any period of time. A Fund that tracks an Index may purchase, hold and sell securities at times when a non-Index fund would not do so. The Investment Adviser does not guarantee that any tracking error targets will be achieved. Funds tracking an Index may be negatively impacted by any errors in the Index, either as a result of calculation errors, inaccurate data sources or otherwise. The Investment Adviser does not guarantee the availability, timeliness, accuracy and/or completeness of an Index and the Investment Adviser is not responsible for errors, omissions or interruptions in the Index (including when the Investment Adviser or an affiliate acts as the Index provider) or the calculation thereof (including when the Investment Adviser or an affiliate acts as the calculation agent).
CREATIONS AND
REDEMPTIONS
The Trust issues and sells shares of the Funds only in Creation Units on a continuous basis through the Distributor, without a sales load, at the NAV next determined after receipt of an order in proper form as described in the Participant Agreement (as defined below), on any Business Day (as defined below).
In its discretion, the Investment Adviser reserves the right to
increase or decrease the number of a Fund’s Shares that constitute a Creation Unit. The Board reserves the right to declare a split or a consolidation in the number
of shares outstanding of a Fund, and to make a corresponding change in the number of shares constituting a Creation Unit, in the event that the per share price in the
secondary market rises (or declines) to an amount that falls outside the range deemed desirable by the Board.
A “Business Day” with respect to the Funds is each day the NYSE, the Exchanges and the Trust are open, including any day that a Fund is required to be open under Section 22(e) of the Act, which excludes weekends and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. Orders from large institutional investors who have entered into agreements with the Funds' Distributor to create or redeem Creation Units will only be accepted on a Business Day.
The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time by which orders must be received may be changed in case of an emergency or if regular trading on the NYSE is stopped at a time other than its regularly scheduled closing time. The Trust reserves the right to reprocess creation and redemption transactions that were initially processed at a NAV other than a Fund’s official closing NAV (as each may be subsequently adjusted), and to recover amounts from (or distribute amounts to) Authorized Participants (as defined below) based on the official closing NAV. The Trust reserves the right to advance the time by which creation and redemption orders must be received for same business day credit as otherwise permitted by the SEC.
The consideration for purchase of Creation Units (except for the
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF)
generally consists of Deposit Securities and the Cash Component. Together, the Deposit Securities and Cash Component constitute the “Fund Deposit,” which represents the minimum initial and subsequent investment amount for a Creation Unit of a Fund. The portfolio of securities required may be different than the portfolio of securities such Fund will deliver upon redemption of Fund shares. Creation Units of the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF are generally issued partially for cash.
The function of the Cash Component is to compensate for
any differences between the NAV per Creation Unit and the Deposit Amount (as defined below). The Cash Component would be an amount equal to the difference between the NAV
of the shares (per Creation Unit) and the “Deposit Amount,” which is an amount equal to the market value of the Deposit Securities. If the Cash Component is a positive number (the NAV per Creation Unit exceeds the Deposit Amount), the Authorized Participant will deliver the Cash Component. If the Cash Component is a negative number (the NAV per Creation Unit is less than the Deposit Amount), the Authorized Participant will receive the Cash Component. Computation of the Cash Component excludes any stamp duty or other similar fees and expenses payable upon transfer of beneficial ownership of the Deposit Securities, which shall be the sole responsibility of the Authorized Participant. The Cash Component may also include a “Dividend Equivalent Payment,” which enables each Fund to make a complete distribution of dividends on the next dividend payment date, and is an amount equal, on a per Creation Unit basis, to the dividends on all the securities held by the Fund with ex-dividend dates within the accumulation period for such distribution (the “Accumulation Period”), net of expenses and liabilities for such period, as if all of the securities had been held by the Trust for the entire Accumulation Period. The Accumulation Period begins on the ex-dividend date for each Fund and ends on the next ex-dividend date.
BNY, through the National Securities Clearing Corporation
(“NSCC”), makes available on each Business Day, prior to the opening of business on the Exchange (currently 9:30 a.m., Eastern time), the identity and the
required number or amount of each Deposit Security and the amount of the Cash Component (or cash deposit) to be included in the current Fund Deposit (based on information at the end of the previous Business Day). Such Fund Deposit is applicable, subject to any adjustments, as described below, in order to effect purchases of Creation Units of that Fund until such time as the next-announced composition of the Fund Deposit is made available.
The Trust reserves the
right to accept a basket of securities and/or cash that differs from a basket of Deposit Securities and/or cash published or transacted on a Business Day, or to permit or
require the substitution of an amount of cash (a “cash-in-lieu” amount) to be added to the Cash Component to replace any Deposit Security.
Procedures for Creating Creation Units
To be eligible to place orders with the Distributor and
to create a Creation Unit of a Fund, an entity must be a member or participant of a clearing agency registered with the SEC, which has a written agreement with the Fund
or one of its service providers that allows the authorized participant to place orders for the purchase and redemption of Creation Units (a “Participant
Agreement,” and such participants, an “Authorized Participant”). All shares of the Funds, however created, will be entered on the records of DTC in the name of its nominee for the account of a participant of DTC (“DTC Participant”).
Except as described below, and in all cases subject to the terms of the applicable Participant Agreement, all orders to create Creation Units of a Fund must be received by the Transfer Agent no later than the closing time of the regular trading session of the Exchange (“Order Cutoff Time”) (ordinarily 4:00 p.m., Eastern time) in each case on the date such order is placed for creation of Creation Units to be effected based on the NAV of shares of such Fund as next determined after receipt of an order in proper form. A “Custom Order” may be placed by an Authorized Participant in the event that a Fund accepts (or delivers, in the case of a redemption) a basket of securities and/or cash that differs from a basket of Deposit Securities and/or cash published or transacted on a Business Day (discussed below). Custom Orders must be received by the Transfer Agent at such earlier time as provided in the Participant Agreement. On days when the Exchange closes earlier than normal (such as the day before a holiday), the Fund requires standard orders to create Creation Units to be placed by the earlier closing time and Custom Orders to create Creation Units must be received no later than one hour prior to the earlier closing time. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust may, but is not required to, permit Custom Orders until 4:00 p.m., Eastern time, or until the market close (in the event the Exchange closes early). The date on which an order to create Creation Units (or an order to redeem Creation Units, as discussed below) is placed is referred to as the “Transmittal Date.” Orders must be transmitted by an Authorized Participant through the Transfer Agent’s electronic order system or by telephone or other transmission method acceptable to the Transfer Agent and approved by the Distributor pursuant to procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement. Economic or market disruptions or changes, or telephone or other communication failure may impede the ability to reach the Transfer Agent, Distributor or an Authorized Participant.
All investor orders to create Creation
Units shall be placed with an Authorized Participant in the form required by such Authorized Participant. In addition, an Authorized Participant may request that an
investor make certain representations or enter into agreements with respect to an order (to provide for payments of cash). Investors should be aware that their particular
broker may not have executed a Participant Agreement and, therefore, orders to create Creation Units of a Fund will have to be placed by the investor’s broker through an Authorized Participant. In such cases, there may be additional charges to such investor. A limited number of broker-dealers are expected to execute a Participant Agreement and only a small number of such Authorized Participants are expected to have international capabilities.
Creation Units may be created in advance of the receipt by the
Trust of all or a portion of the Fund Deposit. In such cases, the Authorized Participant will remain liable for the full deposit of the missing portion(s) of the Fund
Deposit and will be required to post collateral with the Trust consisting of cash at least equal to a percentage of the marked to market value of such missing portion(s)
that is specified in the Participant Agreement. The Trust may use such collateral to buy the missing portion(s) of the Fund Deposit at any time and will subject such Authorized Participant to liability for any shortfall between the cost to the Trust of purchasing such securities and the value of such collateral. The Trust will have no liability for any such shortfall. The Trust will return any unused portion of the collateral to the Authorized Participant once the entire Fund Deposit has been properly received by the Transfer Agent and deposited into the Trust.
Orders for Creation Units that are effected outside the clearing
process through the Continuous Net Settlement System of the NSCC (the “Clearing Process”) are likely to require transmittal by the DTC Participant earlier on
the Transmittal Date than orders effected using the Clearing Process. Those persons placing orders outside the Clearing Process should ascertain the deadlines applicable to DTC and the Federal Reserve Bank wire system by contacting the operations department of the broker or depository institution effectuating such transfer of Deposit Securities and Cash Component.
Orders to create
Creation Units of a Fund may be placed through the Clearing Process utilizing procedures applicable to domestic funds for domestic securities (“Domestic
Funds”) (see “Placement of Creation Orders Using Clearing Process”) or outside the Clearing Process utilizing the procedures applicable to either
Domestic Funds or foreign funds for foreign securities (“Foreign Funds”) (see “—Placement of Creation Orders Outside Clearing
Process—Domestic Funds” and “—Placement of Creation Orders Outside Clearing Process—Foreign Funds”). In the event that a Fund includes
both domestic and foreign securities, the time for submitting orders is as stated in the “Placement of Creation Orders Outside Clearing Process—Domestic
Funds” and “Placement of Redemption Orders Outside Clearing Process—Foreign Funds” sections below shall operate.
Placement of Creation Orders Using Clearing Process
Fund Deposits created through the Clearing
Process, if available, must be delivered through a Participating Party that has executed a Participant Agreement.
The Participant Agreement authorizes the Transfer Agent to transmit to NSCC on behalf of the broker-dealer or other participant in the Clearing Process (“Participating Party”) such trade instructions as are necessary to effect the Participating Party’s creation order. Pursuant to such trade instructions from the Transfer Agent to NSCC, the Participating Party agrees to transfer the requisite Deposit Securities (or contracts to purchase such Deposit Securities that are expected to be delivered in a “regular way” manner and the Cash Component to the Trust by the prescribed settlement date. An order to create Creation Units of the Funds through the Clearing Process is deemed received by the Transfer Agent, and approved by the Distributor on the Transmittal Date if (i) such order is received by the Transfer Agent not later than the Order Cutoff Time on such Transmittal Date and (ii) all other procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement are properly followed. All orders are subject to acceptance by the Distributor.
Placement of Creation Orders Outside Clearing Process—Domestic Funds
Fund Deposits created outside the Clearing Process must be delivered through a DTC Participant that has executed a Participant Agreement. A DTC Participant who wishes to place an order creating Creation Units of the Funds to be effected outside the Clearing Process need not be a Participating Party, but such orders must state that the DTC Participant is not using the Clearing Process and that the creation of Creation Units will instead be effected through a transfer of securities and cash. The Fund Deposit transfer must be ordered by the DTC Participant in a manner so as to ensure the timely delivery of the requisite number of Deposit Securities through DTC to the account of the Trust. All questions as to the number of Deposit Securities to be delivered, and the validity, form and eligibility (including time of receipt) for the deposit of any tendered securities, will be determined by the Trust, whose determination shall be final and binding. The cash equal to the Cash Component must be transferred directly to the Transfer Agent through the Federal Reserve wire system in a timely manner. An order to create Creation Units of a Fund outside the Clearing Process is deemed received by the Transfer Agent, and approved by the Distributor on the Transmittal Date if (i) such order is received by the Transfer Agent not later than the Order Cutoff Time on such Transmittal Date; and (ii) all other procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement are properly followed. However, if the Transfer Agent does not receive both the requisite Deposit Securities and the Cash Component in a timely fashion, such order will be cancelled. Upon written notice to the Transfer Agent, such cancelled order may be resubmitted the following Business Day using the Fund Deposit as newly constituted to reflect the current NAV of the applicable Fund. The delivery of Creation Units so created will occur by the prescribed settlement date.
Additional transaction fees may be imposed with respect to transactions effected outside the Clearing Process (through a DTC participant) and in circumstances in which any cash can be used in lieu of Deposit Securities to create Creation Units. (See “Creation Transaction Fee” section below.)
Placement of Creation Orders Outside Clearing
Process—Foreign Funds
The Transfer Agent will inform the Distributor, the Investment Adviser and the Custodian upon receipt of a Creation Order. The
Custodian will then provide such information to the appropriate subcustodian. For each Fund, the Custodian will cause the subcustodian of such Fund to maintain an account into which the Deposit Securities (or the cash value of all or part of such securities, in the case of a permitted or required cash purchase or “cash-in-lieu” amount) will be delivered. Deposit Securities must be delivered to an account maintained at the applicable local custodian. The Trust must also receive, on or before the prescribed settlement date,
immediately available or same day funds
estimated by the Custodian to be sufficient to pay the Cash Component next determined after receipt in proper form of the purchase order, together with the creation
transaction fee described below.
Once the Distributor has accepted a creation order, the Transfer Agent will confirm the issuance of a Creation Unit of a Fund against receipt of payment, at such NAV as will have been calculated after receipt in proper form of such order. The Transfer Agent will then transmit a confirmation of acceptance of such order.
Creation Units will not be issued until the transfer of good
title to the Trust of the Deposit Securities and the payment of the Cash Component and applicable transaction fee have been completed. When the subcustodian has confirmed
to the Custodian that the required Deposit Securities (or the cash value thereof) have been delivered to the account of the relevant subcustodian, the Distributor and the Investment Adviser will be notified of such delivery and the Transfer Agent will issue and cause the delivery of the Creation Units.
Acceptance of Creation Orders
The Trust and the Distributor reserve the right to reject or revoke a purchase order for any reason, provided that such action does not result in a suspension of sales of Creation Units in contravention of Rule 6c-11 and the SEC’s positions thereunder. For example, the Trust and the Distributor may reject or revoke acceptance of a creation order, including, but not limited to, when (i) the order is not in proper form; (ii) the investor(s), upon obtaining the Shares ordered, would own 80% or more of the currently outstanding Shares of such Fund; (iii) acceptance of the Fund Deposit would, in the opinion of the Fund, be unlawful; or (iv) in the event that circumstances outside the control of the Trust, the Transfer Agent, the Distributor or the Investment Adviser make it impracticable to process creation orders. Examples of such circumstances include acts of God; public service or utility problems such as fires, floods, extreme weather conditions and power outages resulting in telephone, facsimile and computer failures; market conditions or activities causing trading halts; systems failures involving computer or other information systems affecting the Trust, the Investment Adviser, the Distributor, DTC, the Clearing Process, Federal Reserve, the Transfer Agent or any other participant in the creation process, and other extraordinary events. The Distributor shall notify the Authorized Participant acting on behalf of the creator of a Creation Unit of its rejection of the order of such person. Neither the Trust, the Transfer Agent, the Distributor nor the Investment Adviser are under any duty, however, to give notification of any defects or irregularities in the delivery of Fund Deposits nor shall any of them incur any liability for the failure to give any such notification.
All questions as to the number of shares of Deposit Securities
and the validity, form, eligibility, and acceptance for deposit of any securities to be delivered and the amount and form of the Cash Component, as applicable, shall be
determined by the Trust, and the Trust’s determination shall be final and binding.
A fixed creation transaction fee payable to the Custodian is imposed on each creation transaction regardless of the number of Creation Units purchased in the transaction, in the following
amounts:
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In the case of cash creations or where the Trust permits or requires a creator to substitute cash in lieu of depositing a portion of the Deposit Securities, the creator may be assessed an additional variable charge to compensate the Funds for the costs associated with purchasing the applicable securities. (See “Fund Deposit” section above.) As a result, in order to seek to replicate the in-kind creation order process, the Trust expects to purchase, in the secondary market or otherwise gain exposure to, the portfolio securities
that could have been delivered as a
result of an in-kind creation order pursuant to local law or market convention, or for other reasons (“Market Purchases”). In such cases where the Trust makes
Market Purchases, the Authorized Participant may be required to reimburse the Trust for, among other things, any difference between the market value at which the
securities and/or financial instruments were purchased by the Trust and the cash in lieu amount (which amount, at the Investment Adviser’s discretion, may be
capped), applicable registration fees, brokerage commissions and certain taxes. The Investment Adviser may adjust the transaction fee to the extent the composition of the creation securities changes or cash in lieu is added to the Cash Component to protect existing shareholders. Creators of Creation Units are responsible for the costs of transferring the securities constituting the Deposit Securities to the account of the Trust. See “Portfolio Transactions and Brokerage” for additional information regarding certain cash creation transactions. From time to time, all or a portion of a Fund’s transaction fees may be waived at the sole discretion of the Investment Adviser, including in connection with an Authorized Participant’s investment of seed capital in a Fund or where an Authorized Participant is engaged in certain customized creation and redemption basket activity that is designed to benefit a Fund by facilitating index tracking in a tax efficient manner (i.e., to minimize the realization of capital gains). To the extent a Fund does not recoup the amount
of costs incurred in connection with a creation transaction, those costs will be borne by the Fund and may negatively affect the Fund’s performance.
Redemption of Creation Units
Shares may be redeemed only in Creation Units at their NAV next
determined after receipt of a redemption request in proper form on a Business Day and only through a Participating Party or DTC Participant who has executed a Participant
Agreement. The Funds will not redeem Shares in amounts less than Creation Units (except each Fund may redeem Shares in amounts less than a Creation Unit in the event the Fund is being liquidated). Beneficial owners must accumulate enough Shares in the secondary market to constitute a Creation Unit in order to have such Shares redeemed by the Trust. There can be no assurance, however, that there will be sufficient liquidity in the public trading market at any time to permit assembly of a Creation Unit. Authorized Participants should expect to incur brokerage and other costs in connection with assembling a sufficient number of Shares to constitute a redeemable Creation Unit. All redemptions are subject to the procedures contained in the applicable Participant Agreement.
With respect to a Fund, BNY, through the NSCC, makes available prior to the opening of business on the Exchange (currently 9:30 a.m., Eastern time) on each Business Day, the identity and number or amount of each Fund’s securities ("Fund Securities") and/or an amount of cash that will be applicable (subject to possible amendment or correction) to redemption requests received in proper form (as described below) on that day. All orders are subject to acceptance by the Distributor. Fund Securities received on redemption may not be identical to Deposit Securities that are applicable to creations of Creation Units.
Unless cash-only redemptions are available or specified for a Fund, the redemption proceeds for a Creation Unit will generally consist of Fund Securities – as published on the Business Day of the request for a redemption order received in proper form – plus cash in an amount equal to the difference between the NAV of the Shares being redeemed, as next determined after a receipt of a request in proper form, and the value of the Fund Securities, less the redemption transaction fee and variable fees described below. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust reserves the right to deliver a basket of securities and/or cash that differs from a basket of Fund Securities and/or cash published or transacted on a Business Day, or to substitute an amount of cash (a “cash-in-lieu” amount) to be added to the Cash Component to replace any Fund Security. Where “cash-in-lieu” is used, the amount of cash paid out in such cases will be equivalent to the value of the instrument listed as a Deposit Security. In the event that the Fund Securities have a value greater than the NAV of the Shares, a compensating cash payment equal to the difference is required to be made by an Authorized Participant.
Redemptions of shares for Fund Securities will be subject to
compliance with applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws, and each Fund reserves the right to redeem Creation Units for cash to the extent that the Trust could
not lawfully deliver specific Fund Securities upon redemptions or could not do so without first registering the Fund Securities under such laws. An Authorized Participant, or a beneficial owner of shares for which it is acting, subject to a legal restriction with respect to a particular security included in the redemption of a Creation Unit may be paid an equivalent amount of cash. This would specifically prohibit delivery of Fund Securities that are not registered in reliance upon Rule 144A under the 1933 Act to a redeeming beneficial owner of shares that is not a “qualified institutional buyer,” as such term is defined under Rule 144A of the 1933 Act. The Authorized Participant may request the redeeming beneficial owner of the shares to complete an order form or to enter into agreements with respect to such matters as compensating cash payment.
The right of redemption
may be suspended or the date of payment postponed with respect to a Fund: (i) for any period during which the NYSE is closed (other than customary weekend and holiday
closings); (ii) for any period during which trading on the NYSE is suspended or restricted; (iii) for any period during which an emergency exists as a result of which
disposal by the Fund of securities it owns or determination of the Fund’s NAV is not reasonably practicable; or (iv) in such other circumstances as permitted
by the SEC.
If the Trust determines, based on information available to the
Trust when a redemption request is submitted by an Authorized Participant, that (i) the short interest of the Fund in the marketplace is greater than or equal to 100% and
(ii) the orders in the aggregate from all Authorized Participants redeeming Fund Shares on a Business Day represent 25% or more of the outstanding Shares of the Fund, such Authorized Participant will be required to verify to the Trust the accuracy of its representations that are deemed to have been made by submitting a request for redemption. If, after receiving notice of the verification requirement, the Authorized Participant does not verify the accuracy of its representations that are deemed to have been made by submitting a request for redemption in accordance with this requirement, its redemption request will be considered not to have been received in proper form.
Redemption Transaction Fee
The basic redemption transaction fee is the same no matter how
many Creation Units are being redeemed pursuant to any one redemption request, in the following amounts:
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An additional variable charge for cash redemptions or partial cash redemptions (when cash redemptions are permitted or required for a Fund) may also be imposed to compensate each applicable Fund for the costs associated with selling the applicable securities. As a result, in order to seek to replicate the in-kind redemption order process, the Trust expects to sell, in the secondary market, the portfolio securities or settle any financial instruments that may not be permitted to be re-registered in the name of the Participating Party as a result of an in-kind redemption order pursuant to local law or market convention, or for other reasons (“Market Sales”). In such cases where the Trust makes Market Sales, the Authorized Participant may be required to reimburse the Trust for, among other things, any difference between the market value at which the securities and/or financial instruments were sold or settled by the Trust and the cash in lieu amount (which amount, at the Investment Adviser’s discretion, may be capped), applicable registration fees, brokerage commissions and certain taxes (“Transaction Costs”). The Investment Adviser may adjust the transaction fee to the extent the composition of the redemption securities changes or cash in lieu is added to the Cash Component to protect ongoing shareholders. In no event will fees charged by a Fund in connection with a redemption exceed 2% of the value of each Creation Unit. Investors who use the services of a broker or other such intermediary may be charged a fee for such services. See “Portfolio Transactions and Brokerage” for additional information regarding certain cash redemption transactions. From time to time, all or a portion of a Fund’s basic redemption transaction fee may be waived at the sole discretion of the Investment Adviser, including in connection with an Authorized Participant’s redemption of seed capital invested in a Fund or where an Authorized Participant is engaged in certain customized creation and redemption basket activity that is designed to benefit a Fund by facilitating index tracking in a tax efficient manner (i.e., to minimize the realization of capital gains). To the extent a Fund does not recoup the amount of
Transaction Costs incurred in connection with a redemption from the redeeming shareholder because of the 2% cap or otherwise, those Transaction Costs will be borne by the Fund and may negatively affect the Fund’s performance.
Placement of Redemption
Orders Using Clearing Process
Orders to redeem Creation Units of a Fund through the Clearing Process, if available, must be delivered through a Participating
Party that has executed the Participant Agreement. An order to redeem Creation Units of a Fund using the Clearing Process is deemed received on the Transmittal Date if (i) such order is received by the Transfer Agent not later than 4:00 p.m. Eastern time on such Transmittal Date; and (ii) all other procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement are properly followed; such order will be effected based on the NAV of the Fund as next determined. An order to redeem Creation Units of a Fund using the Clearing Process made in proper form but received by the Fund after 4:00 p.m. Eastern time, will be deemed received on the next Business Day immediately following the Transmittal Date. The requisite Fund Securities (or contracts to purchase such Fund Securities which are expected to be delivered in a “regular way” manner) and the applicable cash payment will be transferred by the prescribed settlement date.
Placement of Redemption Orders Outside Clearing
Process—Domestic Funds
Orders to redeem Creation Units of a Fund outside the Clearing Process must be delivered through a DTC Participant that has
executed the Participant Agreement. A DTC Participant who wishes to place an order for redemption of Creation Units of a Fund to be effected outside the Clearing Process need not be a Participating Party, but such orders must state that the DTC Participant is not using the Clearing Process and that redemption of Creation Units of the Fund will instead be effected through transfer of Creation Units of the Fund directly through DTC. An order to redeem Creation Units of a Fund outside the Clearing Process is deemed received by BNY on the Transmittal Date if (i) such order is received by BNY not later than 4:00 p.m. Eastern time on such Transmittal Date; (ii) such order is preceded or accompanied by the requisite number of Shares of Creation Units specified in such order; and (iii) all other procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement are properly followed.
After BNY has deemed an order for redemption outside the Clearing Process received, BNY will initiate procedures to transfer the requisite Fund Securities (or contracts to purchase such Fund Securities) and the cash redemption payment to the redeeming Beneficial Owner by the prescribed settlement date. Additional transaction fee may be imposed with respect to transactions effected outside the Clearing Process. (See “Redemption Transaction Fee” section above.)
Placement of Redemption Orders Outside Clearing Process—Foreign Funds
Arrangements satisfactory to the Trust must be in place for the Participating Party to transfer the Creation Units through DTC on or before the prescribed settlement date. Redemptions of Shares for Fund Securities will be subject to compliance with applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws and a Fund (whether or not it otherwise permits or requires cash redemptions) reserves the right to redeem Creation Units for cash to the extent that the Fund could not lawfully deliver specific Fund Securities upon redemptions or could not do so without first registering the Fund Securities under such laws.
In connection with taking delivery of
Shares for Fund Securities upon redemption of Creation Units, a redeeming shareholder or entity acting on behalf of a redeeming shareholder must maintain appropriate
custody arrangements with a qualified broker dealer, bank or other custody providers in each jurisdiction in which any of the Fund Securities are customarily traded, to
which account such Fund Securities will be delivered. If neither the redeeming shareholder nor the entity acting on behalf of a redeeming shareholder has appropriate arrangements to take delivery of the Fund Securities in the applicable foreign jurisdiction and it is not possible to make other such arrangements, or if it is not possible to effect deliveries of the Fund Securities in such jurisdictions, the Trust may, in its discretion, exercise its option to redeem such Shares in cash, and the redeeming shareholder will be required to receive its redemption proceeds in cash.
Regular Foreign Holidays. The Funds may effect deliveries of
Creation Units and portfolio securities on a basis other than the normal settlement periods in order to accommodate local holiday schedules, to account for different
treatment among foreign and U.S. markets of dividend record dates and ex-dividend dates or under certain other circumstances. The ability of the Trust to effect in-kind creations and redemptions within the normal settlement periods is subject, among other things, to the condition that, within the time period from the date of the order to the date of delivery of the securities, there are no days that are holidays in the applicable foreign market. For every occurrence of one or more intervening holidays in the applicable foreign market that are not holidays observed in the U.S. equity market, the redemption settlement cycle may be extended by the number of such intervening holidays. In
addition to holidays, other
unforeseeable closings in a foreign market due to emergencies may also prevent the Trust from delivering securities within normal settlement periods. The securities
delivery cycles currently practicable for transferring portfolio securities to redeeming Authorized Participants, coupled with foreign market holiday schedules, will
require a delivery process longer than seven calendar days for the Funds, in certain circumstances. In such cases, the local market settlement procedures will not
commence until the end of the local holiday periods. The timing of settlement may also be affected by the proclamation of new holidays, the treatment by market participants of certain days as “informal holidays” (e.g., days on which no or limited securities transactions occur, as a result of substantially shortened
trading hours), the elimination of existing holidays or changes in local securities delivery practices. Because the portfolio securities of the Funds may trade on days
that the Funds' Exchange is closed or on days that are not Business Days for the Funds, Authorized Participants may not be able to redeem their shares of the Funds, or to
purchase and sell shares of the Funds on the Exchange, on days when the NAV of the Funds could be significantly affected by events in the relevant non-U.S. markets.
DTC acts as securities depositary for the Shares. Shares of the
Funds are represented by securities registered in the name of DTC or its nominee and deposited with, or on behalf of, DTC. Certificates will not be issued for
Shares.
DTC, a limited purpose trust company, was created to hold securities of the DTC Participants and to facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions among the DTC Participants in such securities through electronic book entry changes in accounts of the DTC Participants, thereby eliminating the need for physical movement of securities certificates. DTC Participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and certain other organizations, some of whom (and/or their representatives) own DTC. More specifically, DTC is owned by a number of its DTC Participants and by the NYSE and FINRA. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or indirectly (the “Indirect Participants”).
Beneficial ownership of Shares is limited to DTC Participants, Indirect Participants and persons holding interests through DTC Participants and Indirect Participants. Ownership of beneficial interests in Shares (owners of such beneficial interests are referred to herein as “Beneficial Owners”) is shown on, and the transfer of ownership is effected only through, records maintained by DTC (with respect to DTC Participants) and on the records of DTC Participants (with respect to Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners that are not DTC Participants). Beneficial Owners will receive from or through the DTC Participant a written confirmation relating to their purchase of Shares.
Conveyance of all notices, statements and other communications
to Beneficial Owners is effected as follows. Pursuant to the Depositary Agreement between the Trust and DTC, DTC is required to make available to the Trust upon request
and for a fee to be charged to the Trust a listing of the Shares holdings of each DTC Participant. The Trust shall inquire of each such DTC Participant as to the number of Beneficial Owners holding Shares, directly or indirectly, through such DTC Participant. The Trust shall provide each such DTC Participant with copies of such notice, statement or other communication, in such form, number and at such place as such DTC Participant may reasonably request, in order that such notice, statement or communication may be transmitted by such DTC Participant, directly or indirectly, to such Beneficial Owners. In addition, the Trust shall pay to each such DTC Participant a fair and reasonable amount as reimbursement for the expenses attendant to such transmittal, all subject to applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
Share distributions shall be made to DTC or its nominee, Cede
& Co., as the registered holder of all Shares. DTC or its nominee, upon receipt of any such distributions, shall credit immediately DTC Participants’ accounts
with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in Shares as shown on the records of DTC or its nominee. Payments by DTC Participants to
Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners of Shares held through such DTC Participants will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in a “street name,” and will be the responsibility of such DTC Participants.
The Trust has no responsibility or liability for any
aspects of the records relating to or notices to Beneficial Owners, or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in such Shares, or for maintaining,
supervising or reviewing any records relating to
such beneficial ownership interests or
for any other aspect of the relationship between DTC and the DTC Participants or the relationship between such DTC Participants and the Indirect Participants and
Beneficial Owners owning through such DTC Participants.
DTC may determine to discontinue providing its service with
respect to the Shares at any time by giving reasonable notice to the Trust and discharging its responsibilities with respect thereto under applicable law. Under such
circumstances, the Trust shall take action either to find a replacement for DTC to perform its functions at a comparable cost or, if such a replacement is unavailable, to
issue and deliver printed certificates representing ownership of Shares, unless the Trust makes other arrangements with respect thereto satisfactory to the Exchange.
Request for Multiple Copies of Shareholder Documents
To reduce expenses, it is intended that only one copy of a Fund’s Prospectus and each annual and semi-annual report, when available, will be mailed to those addresses shared by two or more accounts. If you wish to receive individual copies of these documents, please contact the financial intermediary through which you hold your shares.
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE PLAN
The Board of Trustees of the Trust
has adopted a distribution and service plan (“Plan”) pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Act. Under the Plan, each Fund is authorized to pay distribution fees in
connection with the sale and distribution of its Shares and pay service fees in connection with the provision of ongoing services to shareholders of each Fund and the
maintenance of shareholder accounts in an amount up to [0.25]% of its average
daily net assets each year.
No Rule 12b-1 fees are currently paid by the Funds, and there are no current plans to impose these fees. However, in the event Rule 12b-1 fees are charged in the future, because these fees are paid out of each Fund’s assets on an ongoing basis, these fees will increase the cost of your investment in the Funds. By purchasing Shares subject to distribution fees and service fees, you may pay more over time than you would by purchasing Shares with other types of sales charge arrangements. Long-term shareholders may pay more than the economic equivalent of the maximum front-end sales charge permitted by the rules of FINRA. The net income attributable to Shares will be reduced by the amount of distribution fees and service fees and other expenses of the Funds.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
The Investment Adviser is responsible for decisions to buy and sell securities for the Funds, the selection of brokers and dealers to effect the transactions and the negotiation of brokerage commissions, if any. Purchases and sales of securities may be executed internally by a broker-dealer, effected on an agency basis in a block transaction, or routed to competing market centers for execution. The compensation paid to the broker for providing execution services generally is negotiated and reflected in either a commission or a “net” price. Executions provided on a net price basis, with dealers acting as principal for their own accounts without a stated commission, usually include a profit to the dealer.
In underwritten offerings, securities are purchased at a fixed
price which includes an amount of compensation to the underwriter, generally referred to as the underwriter’s concession or discount. On occasion, certain money
market instruments may be purchased directly from an issuer, in which case no commissions or discounts are paid.
In placing orders for portfolio securities or other financial instruments of a Fund, the Investment Adviser is generally required to give primary consideration to obtaining the most favorable execution and net price available. This means that the Investment Adviser will seek to execute each transaction at a price and commission, if any, which provides the most favorable total cost or proceeds reasonably attainable in the circumstances. As permitted by Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Section 28(e)”), a Fund may pay a broker that provides brokerage and research services to the Funds an amount of disclosed commission in excess of the commission which another broker would have charged for effecting that transaction. Such practice is subject to a good faith determination that such commission is reasonable in light of the services provided and to such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. While the Investment Adviser generally seeks reasonably competitive spreads or commissions, a Fund will not
necessarily be paying the lowest spread
or commission available. Within the framework of this policy, the Investment Adviser will consider research and investment services provided by brokers or dealers who
effect or are parties to portfolio transactions of a Fund, the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, or their other clients. Such research and investment services are
those which brokerage houses customarily provide to institutional investors and include research reports on particular industries and companies; economic surveys and analyses; recommendations as to specific securities; research products including quotation equipment and computer related programs; advice concerning the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities and the availability of securities or the purchasers or sellers of securities; analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy and performance of accounts; services relating to effecting securities transactions and functions incidental thereto (such as clearance and settlement); and other lawful and appropriate assistance to the Investment Adviser in the performance of their decision-making responsibilities.
Such services are used by the Investment Adviser in connection
with all of its investment activities, and some of such services obtained in connection with the execution of transactions for a Fund may be used in managing other
investment accounts. Conversely, brokers furnishing such services may be selected for the execution of transactions of such other accounts, whose aggregate assets may
be larger than those of a Fund's, and the services furnished by such brokers may be used by the Investment Adviser in providing management services for the Trust. The Investment Adviser may also participate in so-called “commission sharing arrangements” and “client commission arrangements” under which the Investment Adviser may execute transactions through a broker-dealer and request that the broker-dealer allocate a portion of the commissions or commission credits to another firm that provides research to the Investment Adviser. The Investment Adviser excludes from use under these arrangements those products and services that are not fully eligible under applicable law and regulatory interpretations—even as to the portion that would be eligible if accounted for separately.
The research services received as part of commission sharing and
client commission arrangements will comply with Section 28(e) and may be subject to different legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which the Investment Adviser does
business. Participating in commission sharing and client commission arrangements may enable the Investment Adviser to consolidate payments for research through one or more channels using accumulated client commissions or credits from transactions executed through a particular broker-dealer to obtain research provided by other firms. Such arrangements also help to ensure the continued receipt of research services while facilitating best execution in the trading process. The Investment Adviser believes such research services are useful in its investment decision-making process by, among other things, ensuring access to a variety of high quality research, access to individual analysts and availability of resources that the Investment Adviser might not be provided access to absent such arrangements.
On occasions when the Investment Adviser deems the purchase or
sale of a security or other financial instruments to be in the best interest of a Fund as well as its other customers (including any other fund or other investment
company or advisory account for which the Investment Adviser acts as investment adviser or sub-investment adviser), the Investment Adviser, to the extent permitted
by applicable laws and regulations, may aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased for the Funds with those to be sold or purchased for such other customers in order to obtain the best net price and most favorable execution under the circumstances. In such event, allocation of the securities so purchased or sold, as well as the expenses incurred in the transaction, will be made by the Investment Adviser in the manner it considers to be equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to such Fund and such other customers. In some instances, this procedure may adversely affect the price and size of the position obtainable for a Fund.
When creation or redemption transactions consist of cash, the transactions may require a Fund to contemporaneously transact with broker-dealers for purchases of Deposit Securities or sales of Fund Securities (as defined above), as applicable. Depending on the timing of the transactions and certain other factors, such transactions will generally be placed with the purchasing or redeeming Authorized Participant in its capacity as a broker-dealer or with its affiliated broker-dealer and conditioned upon an agreement with the Authorized Participant or its affiliated broker-dealer to transact at guaranteed prices in order to reduce transaction costs incurred as a consequence of settling creation or redemption baskets in cash rather than
in-kind.
Specifically, following a Fund’s receipt of a creation or redemption order, to the extent such purchases or redemptions consist of a cash portion, the Fund will generally enter an order with the Authorized Participant or its affiliated broker-dealer to purchase or sell the Deposit Securities or Fund Securities, as applicable. Such Authorized Participant or its affiliated broker-dealer will be required to guarantee that such Fund will achieve execution of its order at a price at least as favorable to a Fund as a Fund’s valuation of the
Deposit Securities/Fund Securities used
for purposes of calculating the NAV applied to the creation or redemption transaction giving rise to the order, which will depend on the results achieved by the executing
firm and will vary depending on market activity, timing and a variety of other factors.
An Authorized Participant is required to deposit an amount with a Fund in order to ensure that the execution of the order on the terms noted above will be honored on orders arising from creation transactions executed by an Authorized Participant or its affiliate as broker-dealer. If the broker-dealer executing the order achieves executions in market transactions at a price equal to or more favorable than a Fund’s valuation of the Deposit Securities, the Authorized Participant generally will retain the benefit of the favorable executions and the deposit is returned to the Authorized Participant. If, however, the broker-dealer executing the order is unable to achieve a price at least equal to such Fund’s valuation of the securities, a Fund retains the portion of the deposit equal to the full amount of the execution shortfall (including any taxes, brokerage commissions or other costs) and may require the Authorized Participant to deposit any additional amount required to cover the full amount of the actual execution transaction.
An Authorized Participant agrees to pay the shortfall amount in order to ensure that a guarantee on execution will be honored for brokerage orders arising from redemption transactions executed by an Authorized Participant or its affiliate as broker-dealer. If the broker-dealer executing the order achieves executions in market transactions at a price equal to or more favorable than a Fund’s valuation of a Fund Securities, the Authorized Participant generally will retain the benefit of the favorable executions. If, however, the broker-dealer is unable to achieve executions in market transactions at a price at least equal to a Fund’s valuation of the securities, a Fund will be entitled to the portion of the offset equal to the full amount of the execution shortfall (including any taxes, brokerage commissions or other costs).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Investment Adviser reserves
the right to place transactions associated with cash or partial cash creation or redemption transactions with a broker-dealer unaffiliated with the purchasing or
redeeming Authorized Participant under certain circumstances.
Commission rates in the U.S. are
established pursuant to negotiations with the broker based on the quality and quantity of execution services provided by the broker in the light of generally prevailing
rates. The allocation of orders among brokers and the commission rates paid are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. The amount of brokerage commissions paid by a Fund
may vary substantially from year to year because of differences in shareholder purchase and redemption activity, portfolio turnover rates and other factors.
For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, August 31, 2024 and
August 31, 2023, the Funds in existence paid brokerage commissions as follows.
Fiscal Year ended
August 31, 2025 |
Total Brokerage
Commissions Paid |
Total Brokerage
Commissions Paid to
|
Total Amount of
Transactions on which
|
ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
|
|
|
1Percentages refer to percentage of
total commissions paid to Goldman Sachs.
2Percentages refer to percentage of
total amount of transactions involving the payment of commissions effected through Goldman Sachs.
Fiscal Year ended
August 31, 2024 |
Total Brokerage
Commissions Paid |
Total Brokerage
Commissions Paid to
|
Total Amount of
Transactions on which
|
ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
|
|
|
1Percentages refer to percentage of
total commissions paid to Goldman Sachs.
2Percentages
refer to percentage of total amount of transactions involving the payment of commissions effected through Goldman Sachs.
Fiscal Year ended
August 31, 2023 |
Total Brokerage
Commissions Paid |
Total Brokerage
Commissions Paid to
|
Total Amount of
Transactions on which
|
ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
|
ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
|
|
|
1Percentages refer to percentage of
total commissions paid to Goldman Sachs.
2Percentages
refer to percentage of total amount of transactions involving the payment of commissions effected through Goldman Sachs.
Subject to the above considerations, the Investment Adviser may use Goldman Sachs or an affiliate as a broker for a Fund. In order for Goldman Sachs or an affiliate, acting as agent, to effect securities or futures transactions for a Fund, the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by Goldman Sachs or an affiliate must be reasonable and fair compared to the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities or futures contracts. Furthermore, the Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, have adopted procedures which are reasonably designed to provide that any commissions, fees or other remuneration paid to Goldman Sachs are consistent with the foregoing standard. Brokerage transactions with Goldman Sachs are also subject to such fiduciary standards as may be imposed upon Goldman Sachs by applicable law.
See “Custodian, Sub-Custodians and Provider of
Administrative Services,” for information regarding foreign exchange transaction services and execution of trades in connection with certain creation and redemption
transactions.
During the fiscal year ended
ended August 31, 2025, the Trust’s regular “broker-dealers”, as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the Act, were [ ].
As of August 31, 2025,
[those Funds not listed below held no securities of their regular broker dealers. As of the same date, the following Funds held the following amounts of securities of
their regular broker-dealers, as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the Act, or the parent entities of such broker-dealers ($ in thousands).]
DETERMINATION OF NET
ASSET VALUE
In accordance with procedures approved by the Trustees, the NAV per share of a Fund’s Shares is calculated by the Fund’s provider of administrative services by determining the value of the net assets attributed to the Fund and dividing by the number of outstanding shares of the Fund. All securities are generally valued on each Business Day as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally, but not always, 4:00 p.m. Eastern time), or such other times as the NYSE or the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations System (“NASDAQ”) market may officially close.
For the purpose of calculating the NAV per
share of the Funds, investments are valued under valuation procedures approved by the Trustees. With respect to a Fund’s investments that do not have readily
available market quotations, the Trustees have designated the Adviser as the valuation designee to perform fair valuations pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act.
Portfolio securities of a Fund are generally valued as follows: (i) equity securities listed on any U.S. or foreign stock exchange or on the NASDAQ will be valued at the last sale price or the official closing price on the exchange or system in which they are principally traded on the valuation date. If there is no sale or official closing price on the valuation date, equity securities may be valued at the closing bid price for long positions or the closing ask price for short positions at the time closest to, but no later than, the NAV calculation time. If the relevant exchange or system has not closed by the above mentioned time for determining the Fund’s NAV, the securities will be valued at the last sale price or official closing price, or if not available at the bid price at the time the NAV is determined; (ii) over-the-counter equity securities not quoted on NASDAQ will be valued at the last sale price on the valuation day or, if no sale occurs, at the last bid price for long positions or the last ask price for short positions at the time closest to, but no later than, the NAV calculation time; (iii) equity securities for which no prices are obtained under sections (i) or (ii), including those for which a pricing source supplies no exchange quotation or a quotation that is believed by the Investment Adviser to not represent fair value, will be valued through the use of broker quotes, if possible; (iv) fixed income securities will be valued via electronic feeds from independent pricing services to the administrator using evaluated prices provided by a recognized pricing service and dealer-supplied quotations. Fixed income securities for which a pricing service either does not supply a quotation or supplies a quotation that is believed by the Investment Adviser to not represent fair value, will be valued through the use of broker quotes, if possible; (v) fixed income securities for which vendor pricing or broker quotes are not available will be valued by the Investment Adviser based on fair valuation policies that incorporate matrix pricing or valuation models, which utilize certain inputs and assumptions, including, but not limited to, yield or price with respect to comparable fixed income securities and various other factors; (vi) investments in open-end registered investment companies (excluding investments in ETFs) and investments in private funds are valued based on the NAV of those registered investment companies or private funds (which may use fair value pricing as discussed in their prospectus or offering memorandum); (vii) spot foreign exchange rates will be valued using a pricing service at the time closest to the time used for the index calculation of the Fund and forward foreign currency contracts will be valued by adding forward points provided by an independent pricing service to the spot foreign exchange rates and interpolating based upon maturity dates of each contract or by using outright forward rates, where available (if quotations are unavailable from a pricing service or, if the quotations by the Investment Adviser are believed to be inaccurate, the contracts will be valued by calculating the mean between the last bid and ask quotations supplied by at least one dealer in such contracts); (viii) exchange-traded futures contracts will be valued at the last published settlement price on the exchange where they are principally traded (or, if a sale occurs after the last published settlement price but before the NAV calculation time, at the last sale price at the time closest to, but no later than, the NAV calculation time); (ix) exchange-traded options contracts with settlement prices will be valued at the last published settlement price on the exchange where they are principally traded (or, if a sale occurs after
the last published settlement price but
before the NAV calculation time, at the last sale price at the time closest to, but no later than, the NAV calculation time); (x) exchange-traded options contracts
without settlement prices will be valued at the midpoint of the bid and ask prices on the exchange where they are principally traded (or, in the absence of two-way
trading, at the last bid price for long positions and the last ask price for short positions at the time closest to, but no later than, the NAV calculation time); (xi) over-the-counter derivatives, including, but not limited to, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, total return index swaps, put/call option combos, total return basket swaps, index volatility and foreign exchange (“FX”) variance swaps, will be valued at their fair value as determined using counterparty supplied valuations, an independent pricing service or valuation models which use market data inputs supplied by an independent pricing service; and (xii) all other instruments, including those for which a pricing service supplies no exchange quotation/price or a quotation that is believed by the Investment Adviser to be inaccurate, will be valued in accordance with the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. Securities may also be valued at fair value in accordance with procedures approved by the Board of Trustees where a Fund’s provider of administrative services is unable for other reasons to facilitate pricing of individual securities or calculate the Fund’s NAV, or if the Investment Adviser believes that such quotations do not accurately reflect fair value. Fair values determined in accordance with the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees may be based on subjective judgments and it is possible that the prices resulting from such valuation procedures may differ materially from the value realized on a sale.
The value of all assets and liabilities expressed in foreign
currencies will be converted into U.S. dollar values at foreign currency exchange rates generally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time. If such quotations are
not available, the rate of exchange will be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board of Trustees.
Generally, trading in securities on European, Asian and Far Eastern securities exchanges and on over-the-counter markets in these regions is substantially completed at various times prior to the close of business on each Business Day in New York (i.e., a day on which the NYSE is open for trading). In addition, European, Asian or Far Eastern securities trading generally or in a particular country or countries may not take place on all Business Days in New York. Furthermore, trading takes place in various foreign markets on days which are not Business Days in New York and days on which a Fund’s NAV is not calculated. Such calculation does not take place contemporaneously with the determination of the prices of the majority of the portfolio securities used in such calculation.
The Investment Adviser, consistent with its procedures and
applicable regulatory guidance, may (but need not) determine to make an adjustment to the previous closing prices of either domestic or foreign securities in light of
significant events, to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities at the time of determining a Fund’s NAV. Significant events that could affect
a large number of securities in a particular market may include, but are not limited to: situations relating to one or more single issuers in a market sector; significant fluctuations in U.S. or foreign markets; market dislocations; market disruptions or unscheduled market closings; equipment failures; natural or man-made disasters or acts of God; armed conflicts; governmental actions or other developments; as well as the same or similar events which may affect specific issuers or the securities markets even though not tied directly to the securities markets. Other significant events that could relate to a single issuer may include, but are not limited to: corporate actions such as reorganizations, mergers and buy-outs; corporate announcements, including those relating to earnings, products and regulatory news; significant litigation; ratings downgrades; bankruptcies; and trading limits or suspensions.
In general, fair value represents a good faith approximation of the current value of an asset and may be used when there is no public market or possibly no market at all for an asset. A security that is fair valued may be valued at a price higher or lower than actual market quotations or the value determined by other funds using their own fair valuation procedures or by other investors. The fair value of an asset may not be the price at which that asset is ultimately sold.
The proceeds received by a Fund and each
other series of the Trust from the issue or sale of its Shares, and all net investment income, realized and unrealized gain and proceeds thereof, subject only to the
rights of creditors, will be specifically allocated to the Fund or particular series and constitute the underlying assets of the Fund or series. The underlying assets of
a Fund will be segregated on the books of account, and will be charged with the liabilities in respect of the Fund and with a share of the general liabilities of the
Trust. Expenses of the Trust with respect to a Fund and the other series of the Trust are generally allocated in proportion to the NAVs of the respective Fund except where allocations of expenses can otherwise be fairly
made.
Each Fund relies on
various sources to calculate its NAV. The ability of a Fund’s provider of administrative services to calculate the NAV per share of the Fund is subject to
operational risks associated with processing or human errors, systems or technology failures, cyber attacks and errors caused by third party service providers, data
sources, or trading counterparties. Such failures may result in delays in the calculation of a Fund’s NAV and/or the inability to calculate NAV over extended time
periods. The Funds may be unable to recover any losses associated with such failures. In addition, if the third-party service providers and/or data sources upon which a Fund directly or indirectly relies to calculate its NAV or price individual securities are unavailable or otherwise unable to calculate the NAV correctly, it may be necessary for alternative procedures to be utilized to price the securities at the time of determining the Fund’s NAV.
Each Fund is a series of Goldman Sachs ETF Trust, a Delaware
statutory trust formed on December 16, 2009.
The Trustees have authority under the Trust’s Declaration of Trust to create and classify shares of beneficial interest in
separate series, without further action by shareholders. The Trustees also have authority to classify and reclassify any series of shares into one or more classes of shares. [As of December 29, 2025, the Trustees have authorized the issuance of one class of shares of each Fund (“Shares”).] Additional series may be added in the future.
Each Share of a Fund represents a proportionate interest
in the assets belonging to the applicable class of the Fund and all expenses of the Fund are borne at the same rate by each class of shares. In addition, the fees and
expenses set forth below for Shares may be subject to fee waivers or reimbursements, as discussed more fully in the Funds’ Prospectus.
Certain aspects of the Shares may be altered after advance notice to shareholders if it is deemed necessary in order to satisfy certain tax regulatory requirements.
When issued for the consideration described in the Funds’
Prospectus, shares are fully paid and non-assessable. The Trustees may, however, cause shareholders, or shareholders of a particular series or class, to pay certain
custodian, transfer agency, shareholder servicing or similar charges by setting off the same against declared but unpaid dividends or by reducing share ownership (or by
both means). In the event of liquidation, shareholders are entitled to share pro rata in the net assets of the Funds available for distribution to such shareholders. All shares are freely transferable and have no preemptive, subscription or conversion rights. The Trustees may require Shareholders to redeem Shares for certain reasons under terms set by the
Trustees.
The Act requires that where more than one series of shares exists, each series must be preferred over all other series in respect of assets specifically allocated to such series. In addition, Rule 18f-2 under the Act provides that any matter required to be submitted by the provisions of the Act or applicable state law, or otherwise, to the holders of the outstanding voting securities of an investment company such as the Trust shall not be deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series affected by such matter. Rule 18f-2 further provides that a series shall be deemed to be affected by a matter unless the interests of each series in the matter are substantially identical or the matter does not affect any interest of such series. However, Rule 18f-2 exempts the selection of independent public accountants, the approval of principal distribution contracts and the election of trustees from the separate voting requirements of Rule 18f-2.
The Trust is not required to hold annual
meetings of shareholders and does not intend to hold such meetings. In the event that a meeting of shareholders is held, each Share of the Trust will be entitled, as
determined by the Trustees without the vote or consent of the shareholders, either to one vote for each share or to one vote for each dollar of NAV represented by such
share on all matters presented to shareholders including the election of Trustees (this method of voting being referred to as “dollar based voting”). However, to the extent required by the Act or otherwise determined by the Trustees, series and classes of the Trust will vote separately from each other. Shareholders of the Trust do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of Trustees. Meetings of shareholders of the Trust, or any series or class thereof, may be called by the Trustees, certain officers or upon the written request of holders of 10% or more of the shares entitled to vote at such meetings. The Trustees will call a special meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing Trustees, if, at any time, less than a majority of Trustees holding office at the time were elected by shareholders. The shareholders of the Trust will have voting rights only with respect to the limited number of matters specified in the Declaration of Trust and such other matters as the Trustees may determine or may be required by law.
The Declaration of
Trust provides for indemnification of Trustees, officers, employees and agents of the Trust unless the recipient is adjudicated (i) to be liable by reason of willful
misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such person’s office or (ii) not to have acted in good faith
in the reasonable belief that such person’s actions were in the best interest of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust provides that, if any shareholder or former
shareholder of any series is held personally liable solely by reason of being or having been a shareholder and not because of the shareholder’s acts or omissions or
for some other reason, the shareholder or former shareholder (or the shareholder’s heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives or general successors) shall be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability. The Trust, acting on behalf of any affected series, must, upon request by such shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against such shareholder for any act or obligation of the series and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets of the series.
The Declaration of Trust states that the Trust shall continue without limitation of time but, Trustees may without Shareholder approval (i) sell and convey all or substantially all of the assets of the Trust or any affected Series to another trust, partnership, association, or corporation, or to a separate series of shares thereof, organized under the laws of any state, which trust, partnership, association, or corporation is an open-end management investment company as defined in the Investment Company Act, or is a series thereof, for adequate consideration which may include the assumption of all outstanding obligations, taxes, and other liabilities, accrued or contingent, of the Trust or any affected Series, and which may include shares of beneficial interest, stock, or other ownership interests of such trust, partnership, association, or corporation or of a series thereof; or (ii) at any time, sell and convert into money all of the assets of the Trust or any affected series.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the Trustees, without
shareholder approval, to cause the Trust, or any series thereof, to merge, reorganize or consolidate with any corporation, association, trust or other organization or
sell or exchange all or substantially all of the property belonging to the Trust or any series thereof. In addition, the Trustees, without shareholder approval, may adopt
a master-feeder structure by investing all or a portion of the assets of a series of the Trust in the securities of another open-end investment company with substantially the same investment objective, restrictions and policies.
The Declaration of Trust permits the Trustees to amend the Declaration of Trust without a shareholder vote. However, shareholders of the Trust have the right to vote on any amendment (i) that would adversely affect the voting rights of shareholders; (ii) that is required by law to be approved by shareholders; (iii) that would amend the provisions of the Declaration of Trust regarding amendments and supplements thereto; or (iv) that the Trustees determine to submit to shareholders.
Shareholder and Trustee Liability
Under Delaware Law, the shareholders of the Funds are not
generally subject to liability for the debts or obligations of the Trust. Similarly, Delaware law provides that a series of the Trust will not be liable for the debts or
obligations of any other series of the Trust. However, no similar statutory or other authority limiting statutory trust shareholder liability exists in other states. As a
result, to the extent that a Delaware statutory trust or a shareholder is subject to the jurisdiction of courts of such other states, the courts may not apply Delaware law and may thereby subject the Delaware statutory trust shareholders to liability. To guard against this risk, the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of a series. Notice of such disclaimer will normally be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by a series of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification by the relevant series for all loss suffered by a shareholder as a result of an obligation of the series. The Declaration of Trust also provides that a series shall, upon request, assume the defense of any claim made against any shareholder for any act or obligation of the series and satisfy any judgment thereon. In view of the above, the risk of personal liability of shareholders of a Delaware statutory trust is remote.
In addition to the requirements under
Delaware law, the Declaration of Trust provides that shareholders of a series may bring a derivative action on behalf of the series only if the following conditions are
met: (a) shareholders eligible to bring such derivative action under Delaware law who collectively hold at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the series, or 10% of
the outstanding shares of the class to which such action relates, shall join in the request for the Trustees to commence such action; and (b) the Trustees must be afforded a reasonable amount of time to consider such shareholder request and to investigate the basis of such claim. The Trustees will be entitled to retain counsel or other advisers in considering the merits of the request and may require an undertaking by the shareholders making such request to reimburse the series for the expense of any such advisers in the event that the Trustees determine not to bring such action.
The Declaration of
Trust further provides that the Trustees will not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law, but nothing in the Declaration of Trust protects a Trustee
against liability to which he or she would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the duties
involved in the conduct of his or her office.
The following are certain additional U.S.
federal income tax considerations generally affecting a Fund and the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of the Fund that are not described in the
Prospectus. The discussions below and in the Prospectus are only summaries and are not intended as substitutes for careful tax planning. They do not address special tax
rules applicable to certain classes of investors, such as tax-exempt entities, insurance companies and financial institutions. Each prospective shareholder is urged to consult his or her own tax adviser with respect to the specific federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of investing in each Fund. The summary is based on the laws in effect on [December 29, 2025] which are subject to change. Future changes in tax laws may adversely impact a Fund and its shareholders.
Each Fund is treated as a separate taxable entity and has elected to be treated and intends to qualify for each of its taxable years as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of Subtitle A, Chapter 1, of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).
There are certain tax requirements that each Fund must follow if
it is to avoid federal taxation. In its efforts to adhere to these requirements, each Fund may have to limit its investment activities in some types of instruments.
Qualification as a regulated investment company under the Code requires, among other things, that (i) the Fund derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks or securities or foreign currencies, net income from qualified publicly traded partnerships or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, and forward contracts) derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in stocks, securities or currencies (the “90% gross income test”); and (ii) the Fund diversify its holdings so that, in general, at the close of each quarter of its taxable year, (a) at least 50% of the fair market value of the Fund’s total (gross) assets is comprised of cash, cash items, U.S. Government Securities, securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to an amount not greater in value than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of its total (gross) assets is invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. Government Securities and securities of other regulated investment companies), two or more issuers controlled by the Fund and engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or certain publicly traded partnerships.
For purposes of the 90% gross income test, income that each Fund earns from equity interests in certain entities that are not treated as corporations or as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (e.g., partnerships or trusts) will generally have the same character for the Fund as in the hands of such an entity; consequently, each Fund may be required to limit its equity investments in any such entities that earn fee income, rental income, or other nonqualifying income. In addition, future Treasury Regulations could provide that qualifying income under the 90% gross income test will not include gains from foreign currency transactions that are not directly related to a Fund’s principal business of investing in stock or securities or options and futures with respect to stock or securities. Using foreign currency positions or entering into foreign currency options, futures and forward or swap contracts for purposes other than hedging currency risk with respect to securities in a Fund’s portfolio or anticipated to be acquired may not qualify as “directly-related” under these tests.
If a Fund complies with the foregoing
provisions, then in any taxable year in which the Fund distributes, in compliance with the Code’s timing and other requirements, an amount at least equal to the sum
of 90% of its “investment company taxable income” (which includes dividends, taxable interest, taxable accrued original issue discount and market discount
income, income from securities lending, any net short-term capital gain in excess of net long-term capital loss, certain net realized foreign exchange gains and any other taxable income other than “net capital gain,” as defined below, and is reduced by deductible expenses), plus 90% of the excess of its gross tax-exempt interest income (if any) over certain disallowed deductions, the Fund (but not its shareholders) will be relieved of federal income tax on any income of the Fund, including long-term capital gains, distributed to shareholders. If, instead, a Fund retains any investment company taxable income or net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term
capital loss), it will be subject to a
tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. Because there are some uncertainties regarding the computation of the amounts deemed distributed to Fund
shareholders for these purposes — including, in particular, uncertainties regarding the portion, if any, of amounts paid in redemption of Fund Shares that should be
treated as such distributions — there can be no assurance that the Fund will avoid corporate-level tax in each year.
Each Fund generally intends to distribute for each taxable year to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income, net capital gain and any tax-exempt interest. Exchange control or other foreign laws, regulations or practices may restrict repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of securities sales by foreign investors and may therefore make it more difficult for a Fund to satisfy the distribution requirements described above, as well as the excise tax distribution requirements described below. Each Fund generally expects, however, to be able to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy those requirements, from new investors, the sale of securities or other sources. If for any taxable year a Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, it will be taxed on all of its taxable income and net capital gain at corporate rates, and its distributions to shareholders will generally be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of its current and accumulated earnings and profits.
If a Fund retains any net capital gain, the Fund may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who (1) if subject to U.S. federal income tax on long-term capital gains, will be required to include in income for federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of that undistributed amount, and (2) will be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Fund against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds to the extent the credit exceeds those liabilities. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of a Fund will be increased by the amount of any such undistributed net capital gain included in the shareholder’s gross income and decreased by the federal income tax paid by the Fund on that amount of net capital
gain.
To avoid a 4% federal excise tax, a Fund must generally distribute (or be deemed to have distributed) by December 31 of each calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of its taxable ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, 98.2% of the excess of its capital gains over its capital losses (generally computed on the basis of the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year), and all taxable ordinary income and the excess of capital gains over capital losses for all previous years that were not distributed for those years and on which the Fund paid no federal income tax. For federal income tax purposes, dividends declared by a Fund in October, November or December to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and paid during January of the following year are taxable to such shareholders, and deductible by the Fund, as if paid on December 31 of the year declared. Each Fund anticipates that it will generally make timely distributions of income and capital gains in compliance with these requirements so that it will generally not be required to pay the excise tax.
For federal income tax purposes, each Fund is generally permitted to carry forward a net capital loss in any taxable year to offset its own capital gains, if any. These amounts are available to be carried forward to offset future capital gains to the extent permitted by the Code and applicable tax regulations. As of August 31, 2025, the following Funds had capital loss carryforwards approximating the amounts indicated, expiring in the years
indicated:
| |
Capital Loss
Carryforward |
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
|
|
Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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Gains and losses on the
sale, lapse, or other termination of options and futures contracts, options thereon and certain forward contracts (except certain foreign currency options, forward
contracts and futures contracts) will generally be treated as capital gains and losses. Certain of the futures contracts, forward contracts and options held by a Fund
will be required to be “marked-to-market” for federal tax purposes — that is, treated as having been sold at their fair market value on the last day of
the Fund’s taxable year (or, for excise tax purposes, on the last day of the relevant period). These provisions may require the Fund to recognize income or gains
without a concurrent receipt of cash. Any gain or loss recognized on actual or deemed sales of these futures contracts, forward contracts, or options will (except for certain foreign currency options, forward contracts, and futures contracts) be treated as 60% long-term capital gain or loss and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. As a result of certain hedging transactions entered into by a Fund, it may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, forward contracts, and options or underlying securities or foreign currencies to the extent of any unrecognized gains on related positions held by the Fund, and the characterization of gains or losses as long-term or short-term may be changed. The tax provisions described in this paragraph may affect the amount, timing and character of the Fund’s distributions to shareholders. The application of certain requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company and the application of certain other tax rules may be unclear in some respects in connection with certain investment practices such as dollar rolls, or investments in certain derivatives, including interest rate swaps, floors, caps and collars, currency swaps, total return swaps, mortgage swaps, index swaps, forward contracts and structured notes. As a result, each Fund may therefore be required to limit its investments in such transactions and it is also possible that the IRS may not agree with the Fund’s tax treatment of such transactions. In addition, the tax treatment of derivatives, and certain other investments, may be affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and guidance issued by the IRS that could affect the timing, character and amount of the Fund’s income and gains and distributions to shareholders. Certain tax elections may be available to the Fund to mitigate some of the unfavorable consequences described in this paragraph.
Section 988 of the Code contains special tax rules applicable to
certain foreign currency transactions and instruments, which may affect the amount, timing and character of income, gain or loss recognized by the Funds. Under these
rules, foreign exchange gain or loss realized with respect to foreign currencies and certain futures and options thereon, foreign currency-denominated debt instruments, foreign currency forward contracts, and foreign currency-denominated payables and receivables will generally be treated as ordinary income or loss, although in some cases elections may be available that would alter this treatment. If a net foreign exchange loss treated as ordinary loss under Section 988 of the Code were to exceed a Fund’s investment company taxable income (computed without regard to that loss) for a taxable year, the resulting loss would not be deductible by the Fund or its shareholders in future years. Net loss, if any, from certain foreign currency transactions or instruments could exceed net investment income otherwise calculated for accounting purposes, with the result being either no dividends being paid or a portion of the Fund’s dividends being treated as a return of capital for tax purposes, nontaxable to the extent of a shareholder’s tax basis in the shares and, once such basis is exhausted, generally giving rise to capital gains.
Each Fund’s investment, if any, in zero coupon securities,
deferred interest securities, certain structured securities or other securities bearing original issue discount or, if the Fund elects to include market discount in
income currently, market discount, as well as any “marked-to-market” gain from certain options, futures or forward contracts, as described above, will in many
cases cause the Fund to realize income or gain before the receipt of cash payments with respect to these securities or contracts. For a Fund to obtain cash to enable the Fund to distribute any such income or gain, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and to avoid federal income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to liquidate portfolio investments sooner than it might otherwise have done.
Investments in lower-rated securities may present special tax
issues for a Fund to the extent actual or anticipated defaults may be more likely with respect to those kinds of securities. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues
such as when an investor in such securities may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount, or market discount; when and to what extent deductions may be taken
for bad debts or worthless securities; how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income; and whether exchanges of debt obligations in a workout context are taxable. These and other issues will generally need to be addressed by the Fund, in the event it invests in such securities, so as to seek to eliminate or to minimize any adverse tax consequences.
If a Fund acquires stock (including, under proposed regulations,
an option to acquire stock such as is inherent in a convertible bond) in certain foreign corporations that receive at least 75% of their annual gross income from passive
sources (such as interest, dividends, rents, royalties or capital gain) or hold at least 50% of their assets in investments producing such passive income (“passive
foreign investment companies”),
the Fund could be subject to federal income tax and additional interest charges on “excess distributions” received from such companies or gain from the sale
of stock in such companies, even if all income or gain actually received by the Fund is timely distributed to its shareholders. The Fund will not be able to pass through
to its shareholders any credit or deduction for such a tax. In some cases, elections may be available that will ameliorate these adverse tax consequences, but those
elections will require the Fund to include each year certain amounts as income or gain (subject to the distribution requirements described above) without a concurrent receipt of cash. The Fund may attempt to limit and/or to manage its holdings in passive foreign investment companies to minimize its tax liability or maximize its return from these investments.
If a Fund invests in certain real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) or in real estate mortgage investment conduit residual interests, a portion of the Fund’s income may be classified as “excess inclusion income.” A shareholder that is otherwise not subject to tax may be taxable on their share of any such excess inclusion income as “unrelated business taxable income.” In addition, tax may be imposed on the Fund on the portion of any excess inclusion income allocable to any shareholders that are classified as disqualified organizations.
Taxable U.S. Shareholders –
Distributions
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions by the Fund, whether reinvested in additional shares or paid in cash, generally will be taxable to shareholders who are subject to tax.
In general, distributions from investment company taxable income
for the year will be taxable as ordinary income. However, distributions to noncorporate shareholders attributable to dividends received by the Funds from U.S. and certain
foreign corporations will generally be taxed at the long-term capital gain rate (described below), as long as certain other requirements are met. For these lower rates to apply, the noncorporate shareholders must have owned their Fund shares for at least 61 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the Fund’s ex-dividend date (or 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before the Fund’s ex-dividend date in the case of certain preferred stock dividends paid by the Fund) and the Fund must also have owned the underlying stock for this same period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date for the stock (or for 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before the ex-dividend date of the stock in the case of certain preferred stock). The amount of the Fund’s distributions that otherwise qualify for these lower rates may be reduced as a result of the Fund’s securities lending activities, hedging activities or a high portfolio turnover rate.
Distributions reported to shareholders as derived from a
Fund’s dividend income, if any, that would be eligible for the dividends received deduction if the Fund were not a regulated investment company may be eligible for
the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders. The dividends received deduction, if available, is reduced to the extent the shares with respect to which the
dividends are received are treated as debt-financed under federal income tax law and is eliminated if the shares are deemed to have been held for less than a minimum period, generally 46 days. The dividends received deduction also may be reduced as a result of the Fund’s hedging activities, securities lending activities or a high portfolio turnover rate. The dividend may, if it is treated as an “extraordinary dividend” under the Code, reduce a shareholder’s tax basis in its shares of the Funds. Capital gain dividends (i.e., dividends from net capital gain), if reported as such to shareholders, will be taxed to shareholders as long-term capital gain regardless of how long shares have been held by shareholders, but are not eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporations. The maximum individual rate applicable to long-term capital gains is generally either 15% or 20%, depending on whether the individual’s income exceeds certain threshold amounts. Distributions, if any, that are in excess of a Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits will first reduce a shareholder’s tax basis in his shares and, after such basis is reduced to zero, will generally constitute capital gains to a shareholder who holds his shares as capital assets.
Certain distributions reported by a Fund as Section 163(j)
interest dividends may be treated as interest income by shareholders for purposes of the tax rules applicable to interest expense limitations under Section 163(j) of the
Code. Such treatment by the shareholder is generally subject to holding period requirements and other potential limitations, although the holding period requirements are generally not applicable to dividends declared by money market funds and certain other funds that declare dividends daily and pay such dividends on a monthly or more frequent basis. The amount that a Fund is eligible to report as a Section 163(j) dividend for a tax year is generally limited to the excess of the Fund’s business interest income over the sum of the Fund’s (i) business interest expense and (ii) other deductions properly allocable to the Fund’s business interest income.
Individuals and certain
other noncorporate entities are generally eligible for a 20% deduction with respect to ordinary dividends received from REITs (“qualified REIT dividends”) and
certain taxable income from publicly traded partnerships through 2025. Applicable treasury regulations permit a regulated investment company to pass through to its
shareholders qualified REIT dividends eligible for the 20% deduction. However, the regulations do not provide a mechanism for a regulated investment company to pass
through to its shareholders income from publicly traded partnerships that would be eligible for such deduction.
Different tax treatment, including penalties on certain excess contributions and deferrals, certain pre-retirement and post-retirement distributions and certain prohibited transactions, is accorded to accounts maintained as qualified retirement plans. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers for more information.
Taxable U.S. Shareholders -
Sale of Shares
When a shareholder’s shares are sold, redeemed or otherwise disposed of in a transaction that is treated as a sale for tax purposes, the shareholder will generally recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares and the cash, or fair market value of any property, received. (To aid in computing that tax basis, a shareholder should generally retain its account statements for the period that it holds shares.) If the shareholder holds the shares as a capital asset at the time of sale, the character of the gain or loss should be capital, and treated as long-term if the shareholder’s holding period is more than one year and short-term otherwise, subject to the rules below.
Certain special tax rules may apply to a shareholder’s
capital gains or losses on Fund shares. If a shareholder receives a capital gain dividend with respect to shares and such shares have a tax holding period of six months
or less at the time of a sale or redemption of such shares, then any loss the shareholder realizes on the sale or redemption will be treated as a long-term capital loss
to the extent of such capital gain dividend. Additionally, any loss realized on a sale or redemption of shares of a Fund may be disallowed under “wash sale” rules to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced with other shares of the same Fund within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the shares are disposed of, such as pursuant to a dividend reinvestment in shares of such Fund. If disallowed, the loss will be reflected in an adjustment to the basis of the shares acquired. If a Fund redeems a shareholder in-kind rather than in cash, the shareholder would realize the same gain or loss as if the shareholder had been redeemed in cash. Further, the shareholder’s basis in the securities received in the in-kind redemption would be the securities’ fair market value on the date of the in-kind redemption.
An additional 3.8% Medicare tax is imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from a Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Fund shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such person’s “modified adjusted gross income” (in the case of an individual) or “adjusted gross income” (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds certain threshold amounts.
Each Fund anticipates that it may be subject to foreign taxes on income (possibly including, in some cases, capital gains) from foreign securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate those foreign taxes in some cases. If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of a taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, or if at least 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of each quarter of its taxable year is represented by interests in other regulated investment companies, the Fund may file an election with the IRS pursuant to which the shareholders of the Fund will be required (1) to report as dividend income (in addition to taxable dividends actually received) their pro rata shares of foreign income taxes paid by the Fund that are treated as income taxes under U.S. tax regulations (which excludes, for example, stamp taxes, securities transaction taxes, and similar taxes) even though not actually received by those shareholders, and (2) to treat those respective pro rata shares as foreign income taxes paid by them, which they can claim either as a foreign tax credit, subject to applicable limitations, against their U.S. federal income tax liability or as an itemized deduction. (Shareholders who do not itemize deductions for federal income tax purposes will not, however, be able to deduct their pro rata portion of foreign taxes paid by the Fund, although those shareholders will be required to include their share of such taxes in gross income if the foregoing election is made by the Fund.)
If a shareholder
chooses to take credit for the foreign taxes deemed paid by such shareholder as a result of any such election by a Fund, the amount of the credit that may be claimed in
any year may not exceed the same proportion of the U.S. tax against which such credit is taken which the shareholder’s taxable income from foreign sources (but not
in excess of the shareholder’s entire taxable income) bears to such shareholder’s entire taxable income. For this purpose, distributions from long-term and
short-term capital gains or foreign currency gains by a Fund will generally not be treated as income from foreign sources. This foreign tax credit limitation may also be applied separately to certain specific categories of foreign-source income and the related foreign taxes. As a result of these rules, which have different effects depending upon each shareholder’s particular tax situation, certain shareholders of a Fund may not be able to claim a credit for the full amount of their proportionate share of the foreign taxes paid by the Fund even if the election is made by the Fund.
Shareholders who are not liable for U.S. federal income taxes,
including retirement plans, other tax-exempt shareholders and non-U.S. shareholders, will ordinarily not benefit from the foregoing Fund election with respect to foreign
taxes. Each year, if any, that the Fund files the election described above, shareholders will be notified of the amount of (1) each shareholder’s pro rata share of
qualified foreign taxes paid by the Fund and (2) the portion of Fund dividends that represents income from foreign sources. If the Fund cannot or does not make this election, it may deduct its foreign taxes in computing the amount it is required to distribute.
Backup withholding may be required at a
rate up to 24% with respect to distributions payable to shareholders who fail to provide their correct taxpayer identification number or to make required certifications,
or who have been notified by the IRS that they are subject to backup withholding. Corporate shareholders and certain other shareholders specified in the Code generally
are exempt from such backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal tax liability .
The discussion above relates solely to U.S. federal income tax law as it applies to “U.S. persons” subject to tax under such law.
Except as discussed below, distributions to shareholders who, as to the United States, are not “U.S. persons,” (i.e., are nonresident aliens, foreign corporations, fiduciaries of foreign trusts or estates or other non-U.S. investors) generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the rate of 30% on distributions treated as ordinary income unless the tax is reduced or eliminated pursuant to a tax treaty or the distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the shareholder; but distributions of net capital gain (the excess of any net long-term capital gains over any net short-term capital losses) including amounts retained by the Fund which are reported as undistributed capital gains, to such a non-U.S. shareholder will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax unless the distributions are effectively connected with the shareholder’s trade or business in the United States or, in the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met. Non-U.S. shareholders may also be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax on deemed income resulting from any election by a Fund to treat qualified foreign taxes it pays as passed through to shareholders (as described above), but may not be able to claim a U.S. tax credit or deduction with respect to such taxes.
Non-U.S. shareholders generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on certain distributions of interest income and/or short-term capital gains that are reported by a Fund. It is expected that each Fund will generally report short-term gains, to the extent permitted, but the Fund does not intend to report any distributions attributable to interest income. Therefore, all distributions of interest income will be subject to withholding when paid to non-U.S. investors.
Any capital gain realized by a non-U.S. shareholder upon a sale or redemption of shares of a Fund will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax unless the gain is effectively connected with the shareholder’s trade or business in the U.S., or in the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met.
Non-U.S. persons who
fail to furnish the proper IRS Form W-8 (i.e., W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E, W-8ECI, W-8IMY or W-8EXP), or an acceptable substitute, may be subject to backup withholding at a 24%
rate on dividends (including capital gain dividends) and on the proceeds of redemptions and exchanges. Also, non-U.S. shareholders of a Fund may be subject to U.S. estate
tax with respect to their Fund shares.
Withholding of U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) is required with respect
to payments of dividends made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive reporting and withholding requirements designed to
inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to enable the applicable withholding agent to determine whether withholding is required.
Each shareholder who is not a U.S. person should consult his or her tax adviser regarding the U.S. and non-U.S. tax consequences of ownership of shares of, and receipt of distributions from, the Fund.
As a result of U.S. federal income tax requirements, the Trust on behalf of each Fund, has the right to reject an order for a creation of shares if the creator (or group of creators) would, upon obtaining the shares so ordered, own 80% or more of the outstanding shares of a Fund and if, pursuant to Section 351 of the Code, the Fund would have a basis in the Deposit Securities different from the market value of such securities on the date of deposit. The Trust also has the right to require information necessary to determine beneficial share ownership for purposes of the 80% determination. See “Creations and Redemptions.”
Each Fund may be subject to state or local
taxes in jurisdictions in which the Fund is deemed to be doing business. In addition, in those states or localities that impose income taxes, the treatment of a Fund and
its shareholders under those jurisdictions’ tax laws may differ from the treatment under federal income tax laws, and investment in the Fund may have tax
consequences for shareholders that are different from those of a direct investment in the Fund’s portfolio securities. Shareholders should consult their own tax
advisers concerning state and local tax matters.
The audited financial statements and related reports of [ ],
independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds, contained in the Funds’ Form N-CSR for the most recent fiscal year end, are hereby incorporated by
reference herein. No other parts of the Form N-CSR are incorporated by reference herein. A copy of the Funds' financial information may be obtained upon request and without charge by writing Goldman Sachs Funds, 71 South Wacker Drive, Suite 1200, Chicago, Illinois 60606 or by calling 1-800-621-2550.
The Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has delegated the voting of
portfolio securities to the Investment Adviser. For client accounts for which the Investment Adviser has voting discretion, the Investment Adviser has adopted policies
and procedures (the “Proxy Voting Policy”) for the voting of proxies. Under the Proxy Voting Policy, the Investment Adviser’s guiding principles in
performing proxy voting are to make decisions that favor proposals that in the Investment Adviser’s view tend to maximize a company’s shareholder value and are not influenced by conflicts of interest. To implement these guiding principles for investments in publicly-traded equities, the Investment Adviser has developed customized proxy voting guidelines (the “Guidelines”) that they generally apply when voting on behalf of client accounts. Attached as Appendix B is a summary of the Guidelines. These Guidelines address a wide variety of individual topics, including, among other matters, shareholder voting rights, anti-takeover defenses, board structures, the election of directors, executive and director compensation, reorganizations, mergers, issues of corporate social responsibility and various shareholder proposals. The Guidelines embody the positions and factors the Investment Adviser generally considers important in casting proxy votes.
The Proxy Voting
Policy, including the Guidelines, is reviewed periodically to ensure that it continues to be consistent with the Investment Adviser’s guiding principles.
The Investment Adviser has retained a third-party proxy voting service (“Proxy Service”), currently Institutional Shareholder Services, to assist in the implementation and administration of certain proxy voting-related functions including, without limitation, operational, recordkeeping and reporting services. The Proxy Service also prepares a written analysis and recommendation (a “Recommendation”) of each proxy vote that reflects the Proxy Service’s application of the Guidelines to particular proxy issues. While it is the Investment Adviser’s policy generally to follow the Guidelines and Recommendations from the Proxy Service, the Investment Adviser’s portfolio management teams (“Portfolio Management Teams”) may on certain proxy votes seek approval to diverge from the Guidelines or a Recommendation by following an “override” process. Such decisions are subject to a review and approval process, including a determination that the decision is not influenced by any conflict of interest. A Portfolio Management Team that receives approval through the override process to cast a proxy vote that diverges from the Guidelines and/or a Recommendation may vote differently than other Portfolio Management Teams that did not seek to override that vote. In forming their views on particular matters, the Portfolio Management Teams are also permitted to consider applicable regional rules and practices, including codes of conduct and other guides, regarding proxy voting, in addition to the Guidelines and Recommendations. The Investment Adviser may hire other service providers to replace or supplement the Proxy Service with respect to any of the services the Investment Adviser currently receives from the Proxy Service.
GSAM conducts periodic due diligence
meetings with the Proxy Service which include, but are not limited to, a review of the Proxy Service’s general organizational structure, new developments with
respect to research and technology, work flow improvements and internal due diligence with respect to conflicts of interest.
From time to time, the Investment Adviser may face regulatory, compliance, legal or logistical limits with respect to voting securities that they may purchase or hold for client accounts, which can affect the Investment Adviser’s ability to vote such proxies, as well as the desirability of voting such proxies. Among other limits, federal, state and foreign regulatory restrictions or company specific ownership limits, as well as legal matters related to consolidated groups, may restrict the total percentage of an issuer’s voting securities that the Investment Adviser can hold for clients and the nature of the Investment Adviser’s voting in such securities. The Investment Adviser’s ability to vote proxies may also be affected by, among other things: (i) late receipt of meeting notices; (ii) requirements to vote proxies in person: (iii) restrictions on a foreigner’s ability to exercise votes; (iv) potential difficulties in translating the proxy; (v) requirements to provide local agents with unrestricted powers of attorney to facilitate voting instructions; and (vi) requirements that investors who exercise their voting rights surrender the right to dispose of their holdings for some specified period in proximity to the shareholder meeting.
The Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures
designed to prevent conflicts of interest from influencing its proxy voting decisions that the Investment Adviser makes on behalf of a client account. These policies and
procedures include the Investment Adviser’s use of the Guidelines and Recommendations from the Proxy Service, the override approval process previously discussed, and the establishment of information barriers between the Investment Adviser and other businesses within The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Notwithstanding such proxy voting policies and procedures, actual proxy voting decisions of the Investment Adviser may have the effect of benefitting the interests of other clients or businesses of other divisions or units of Goldman Sachs and/or its affiliates.
Voting decisions with respect to fixed income securities and the
securities of privately held issuers generally will be made by a Fund's managers based on their assessment of the particular transactions or other matters at
issue.
Information regarding how a Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available on the Funds' website, or will be available as soon as reasonably practicable after the Funds' latest filing on Form N-PX with the SEC, at dfinview.com/GoldmanSachs and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. This information may also be obtained upon request and
without charge by calling Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC at the toll-free telephone number listed on the front cover of this SAI.
PAYMENTS TO OTHERS
(INCLUDING INTERMEDIARIES)
The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates may make payments to intermediaries from time to time to promote the sale, distribution and/or servicing of shares of a Fund (each, an “Intermediary”). Such payments (“Additional Payments”) are made out of the Investment Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own assets (which may come directly or indirectly from fees paid by a Fund), are not an additional charge to a Fund or its shareholders, and do not increase the price paid by investors for the purchase of a Fund’s shares or the amount a Fund receives as proceeds from such purchases.
The Additional Payments are intended to compensate
Intermediaries for, among other things: marketing activities and presentations, educational training programs, the support or purchase of technology platforms/software
and/or reporting systems. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments to Intermediaries for certain printing, publishing and mailing costs associated with the Funds or materials relating to exchange-traded funds in general and/or for the provision of analytical or other data to the Investment Adviser or its affiliates. In addition, the Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates may make payments to Intermediaries that make Fund shares available to their clients or for otherwise promoting the Funds, including through provision of consultative services to the Investment Adviser or its affiliates relating to marketing of the Funds and/or sale of Fund shares. These may include Additional Payments to Intermediaries that agree not to charge their customers any trading commissions when those customers purchase or sell shares of a Fund online and/or that promote the availability of commission-free ETF trading to their customers.
GSAM and/or its affiliates may determine to make Additional
Payments based on any number of metrics. For example, GSAM and/or its affiliates may make Additional Payments at year-end or other intervals in a fixed amount, an amount
based upon an Intermediary’s services at defined levels or an amount based on the Intermediary’s net sales of one or more Goldman Sachs Funds in a year or other period or calculated in basis points based on average net assets attributed to the Intermediary.
These Additional Payments may be significant to certain Intermediaries, and may be an important factor in an Intermediary’s willingness to support the sale of a Fund through its distribution system.
The Investment Adviser and/or its
affiliates may be motivated to make Additional Payments since they promote the sale of Fund shares to clients of Intermediaries and the retention of those investments by
those clients. To the extent Intermediaries sell more shares of a Fund or retain shares of a Fund in their clients’ accounts, the Investment Adviser benefits from
the incremental management and other fees paid by a Fund with respect to those assets.
In addition, certain Intermediaries may have access to certain research and investment services from the Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates. Such research and investment services (“Additional Services”) may include research reports; economic analysis; portfolio analysis, portfolio construction and similar tools and software; business planning services; certain marketing and investor education materials; and strategic asset allocation modeling. The Intermediary may not pay for these products or services or may only pay for a portion of the total cost of these products or services. The cost of the Additional Services and the particular services provided may vary from Intermediary to Intermediary.
The presence of these Additional Payments or Additional
Services, the varying fee structure and the basis on which an Intermediary compensates its registered representatives or salespersons may create an incentive for a
particular Intermediary, registered representative or salesperson to highlight, feature or recommend funds, including a Fund, or other investments based, at least in part, on the level of compensation paid. Additionally, if one fund sponsor makes greater distribution payments than another, an Intermediary may have an incentive to recommend one fund complex over another. Similarly, if an Intermediary receives more distribution assistance for one share class versus another, that Intermediary may have an incentive to recommend that share class. Because Intermediaries may be paid varying amounts per class of a fund for sub-transfer agency and related recordkeeping services, the service requirements of which also may vary by class, this may create an additional incentive for financial firms and their financial advisors to favor one fund complex over another, or one fund class over another. You should consider whether such incentives exist when evaluating any recommendations from an Intermediary to purchase or sell Shares of a Fund.
Your Intermediary may charge you additional fees or commissions other than those disclosed in the Prospectus. Shareholders should contact their Intermediary for more information about the Additional Payments or Additional Services they receive and any
potential conflicts of interest, as well
as for information regarding any fees and/or commissions it charges. For additional questions, please contact Goldman Sachs Funds at 1-800-621-2550.
Not described above are other subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs who may receive revenue from the Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates through intra-company compensation arrangements and for financial, distribution, administrative and operational services.
Furthermore, the Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates may, to the extent permitted by applicable regulations, sponsor various trainings and educational programs and reimburse investors for certain expenses incurred in connection with accessing the Funds through portal arrangements. The Investment Adviser and its affiliates may also pay for the travel expenses, meals, lodging and entertainment of Intermediaries and their salespersons and guests in connection with educational, sales and promotional programs subject to applicable FINRA regulations. Other compensation may also be offered from time to time to the extent not prohibited by applicable federal or state laws or FINRA regulations. This compensation is not included in, and is made in addition to, the Additional Payments described above.
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings Information and Portfolio
Characteristics Information
The Trust has adopted a policy regarding the selective disclosure of portfolio holdings information and portfolio characteristics information. The policy seeks to (1) ensure that the disclosure of portfolio holdings information and portfolio characteristics information is in the best interest of Fund shareholders; and (2) address the conflicts of interest associated with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information and portfolio characteristics information. The policy provides that neither a Fund nor the Trust’s officers or Trustees, nor its Investment Adviser or any agent, nor any employee thereof (“Fund Representative”), will disclose the Fund’s portfolio holdings information or portfolio characteristics information to any person other than in accordance with the policy. For purposes of the policy, “portfolio holdings information” means a Fund’s actual portfolio holdings, as well as non-public information about its trading strategies, as applicable, or pending transactions. Portfolio holdings information does not include summary or statistical information which is derived from (but does not include) individual portfolio holdings (“portfolio characteristics information”).
Under the policy, neither a Fund nor any Fund Representative may
solicit or accept any compensation or other consideration in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information or portfolio characteristics information. A
Fund Representative may generally provide portfolio holdings information and material portfolio characteristics information to third parties if such information has been included in a Fund’s public filings with the SEC, disclosed on the Funds’ publicly accessible website, publicly disseminated through the NSCC or is otherwise publicly available.
Portfolio Holdings Information. Each Fund’s complete portfolio holdings are publicly disseminated through financial reporting
and news services, including the Funds’ publicly accessible Internet website (http://www.gsamfunds.com). In addition, a basket composition file, which includes the security names and share quantities or amounts to deliver in exchange for Fund shares and may overlap with actual or expected Fund holdings, is publicly disseminated via the NSCC.
As described above under “Creations
and Redemptions,” following close of trading on a business day and prior to the commencement of trading on the next business day, the Investment Adviser may post an
Eligible Securities List on the Funds’ website and disseminate the Eligible Securities List to market makers and Authorized Participants for the Funds. Such
Eligible Securities List would consist of securities that the Investment Adviser would consider purchasing on such next business day as part of the representative sampling strategy for each Fund and may also include certain information about risk and other characteristics of the securities that the Investment Adviser would consider purchasing.
Portfolio holdings information that is not filed with the SEC,
disclosed on the Funds’ publicly available website, publicly disseminated through the NSCC or is otherwise publicly available may be provided to third parties
(including, without limitation, individuals, institutional investors, intermediaries that sell shares of the Fund, consultants and third-party data and other providers)
only for legitimate business purposes and only if the third-party recipients are required to keep all such portfolio holdings information confidential and are prohibited from trading on the information they receive in violation of the federal securities laws.
Disclosure to such third parties must be
approved in advance by the Investment Adviser’s legal or compliance department. Disclosure to providers of auditing, custody, proxy voting and other similar
services; rating and ranking organizations; lenders and other third-party service providers that may obtain access to such information in the performance of their
contractual duties to the Funds will generally be permitted. In general, each recipient of non-public portfolio holdings information must sign a confidentiality agreement and agree not to trade on the basis of such information in violation of the federal securities laws, although this requirement will not apply when the recipient is otherwise subject to a duty of confidentiality.
Portfolio Characteristics Information. Material portfolio characteristics information that is not publicly available (e.g., information that is
not filed with the SEC or disclosed on the Funds’ publicly available website) or calculated from publicly available information may be provided to third parties
only if the third-party recipients are required to keep all such portfolio characteristics information confidential and are prohibited from trading on the information
they receive in violation of the federal securities laws. Disclosure to such third parties must be approved in advance by the Investment Adviser’s legal or
compliance department, who must first determine that the Fund has a legitimate business purpose for doing so. In general, each recipient of material, non-public portfolio characteristics information must sign a confidentiality agreement and agree not to trade on the basis of such information in violation of the federal securities laws, although this requirement will not apply when the recipient is otherwise subject to a duty of confidentiality.
However, upon request, a Fund will provide certain non-public
portfolio characteristics information to any (i) shareholder or (ii) non-shareholder (including, without limitation, individuals, institutional investors, intermediaries
that sell shares of the Fund, consultants and third-party data providers) whose request for such information satisfies and/or serves a legitimate business purpose for the Fund. Examples of portfolio characteristics information include, but are not limited to, certain statistical information about a Fund’s portfolio. In accordance with the policy, this type of portfolio characteristics information that is made available upon request will be disclosed in accordance with, and subject to the time lag indicated in, the schedule below. This portfolio characteristics information may be requested by calling Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC toll-free at 1-800-621-2550. Portfolio characteristics information that is otherwise publicly available may be disclosed without these time
lags.
The type and volume of portfolio characteristics information that is made available upon request will vary among the Goldman Sachs Funds (depending on the investment strategies and the portfolio management team of the applicable Fund). If portfolio characteristics information is disclosed to one recipient, it must also be disclosed to all other eligible recipients requesting the same information. However, under certain circumstances, the volume of portfolio characteristics information provided to one recipient may differ from the volume of portfolio characteristics information provided to other recipients.
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When
Available Upon Request |
Financial Characteristics Information (Aggregate Liquidity Classification Information) |
Prior to 90 Calendar Days After Month-End: Cannot
disclose without (i) a confidentiality agreement; (ii) an agreement not to trade
on the basis of non-public information in violation of the federal securities
laws; and (iii) legal or compliance approval. |
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90 Calendar Days After Month-End: May disclose to
shareholders and any non-shareholder whose request satisfies and/or serves a
legitimate business purpose. |
In addition, the Funds described in this SAI currently intend to publish certain portfolio characteristics information on the Trust’s website (http://www.gsamfunds.com) on a daily basis. Operational disruptions and other systems disruptions may delay the posting of this information on the Trust’s website or the availability of this information by calling Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC at the toll-free number listed above.
Oversight of the Policy. Under the policy, Fund Representatives will periodically supply the Board of the Trustees with a list of
third parties who receive non-public portfolio holdings information and material, non-public portfolio characteristics information pursuant to an ongoing arrangement subject to a confidentiality agreement and agreement not to trade on the basis of such information in violation of the federal securities laws. In addition, the Board receives information, on a quarterly basis, on such arrangements that were permitted during the preceding quarter. Under the policy, the Investment Adviser’s legal and compliance personnel authorize the disclosure of portfolio holdings information and portfolio characteristics information.
Miscellaneous
The Prospectus and this SAI do not contain all the information included in the Registration Statement filed with the SEC under the 1933 Act with respect to the securities offered by the Prospectus. Certain portions of the Registration Statement have been omitted from the Prospectus and this SAI pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The Registration Statement including the exhibits filed therewith may be examined at the office of the SEC in Washington, D.C.
Statements contained in the Prospectus or
in this SAI as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and, in each instance, reference is made to the copy of such
contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement of which the Prospectus and this SAI form a part, each such statement being qualified in all
respects by such reference.
From time to time, the issuer of a security held in a Fund’s portfolio may initiate a corporate action relating to that security. Corporate actions relating to equity securities may include, among others, an offer to purchase new shares, or to tender existing shares, of that security at a certain price. Corporate actions relating to debt securities may include, among others, an offer for early redemption of the debt security, or an offer to convert the debt security into stock. Certain corporate actions are voluntary, meaning that a Fund may only participate in the corporate action if it elects to do so in a timely fashion. Participation in certain corporate actions may enhance the value of a Fund’s investment portfolio.
In cases where a Fund or the Investment Adviser receives
sufficient advance notice of a voluntary corporate action, the Investment Adviser will exercise its discretion, in good faith, to determine whether the Fund will
participate in that corporate action. If a Fund or the Investment Adviser does not receive sufficient advance notice of a voluntary corporate action, the Fund may not be
able to timely elect to participate in that corporate action. Participation or lack of participation in a voluntary corporate action may result in a negative impact on the value of the Fund’s investment portfolio.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
Although the Trust does not have information concerning the beneficial ownership of shares held in the names of DTC Participants, as of [December 1, 2025], the name and percentage ownership of each DTC Participant that owned of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of each Fund were as follows:
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ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF |
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ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF |
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The MSCI Emerging Markets Index, MSCI Europe Index, MSCI World ex USA Index and MSCI Japan Index (the “MSCI Indices”) were used by GSAM as the reference universe for selection of the companies included in the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity Index, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity Index and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity Index (the “ActiveBeta® Indices”), respectively. MSCI Inc. does not in any way sponsor, support, promote or endorse the ActiveBeta® Indices or the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF, Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF or Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF (the “ActiveBeta® ETFs”). MSCI Inc. was not and is not involved in any way in the creation, calculation,
maintenance or review of the ActiveBeta® Indices. The
MSCI Indices were provided on an “as is” basis. MSCI Inc., its affiliates and any other person or entity involved in or related to compiling, computing or
creating the MSCI Indices (collectively, the “MSCI Parties”) expressly disclaim all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality,
accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose). Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including without limitation lost profits) or any other damages in connection with the MSCI Indices, the ActiveBeta® ETFs or the ActiveBeta® Indices.
The Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF are not sponsored, promoted, sold or supported in any other manner by Solactive AG nor does Solactive AG offer any express or implicit guarantee or assurance either with regard to the results of using the Solactive US Large Cap Index, Solactive GBS Developed Markets Large & Mid Cap Index and/or Solactive Index trade mark or the Solactive Index Price at any time or in any other respect. The Solactive Index is calculated and published by Solactive AG. Solactive AG uses its best efforts to ensure that the Solactive Index is calculated correctly. Irrespective of its obligations towards Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF, Solactive AG has no obligation to point out errors in the Solactive Index to third parties including but not limited to investors and/or financial intermediaries of Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF. Neither publication of a Solactive Index by Solactive AG nor the licensing of the
Solactive Index or Solactive Index trade mark for the purpose of use in connection with the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF and Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® World Equity ETF constitutes a recommendation by Solactive AG to invest capital in said fund nor does
it in any way represent an assurance or opinion of Solactive AG with regard to any investment in this fund.
The Russell 2000® Index was used by Goldman Sachs Asset Management or its affiliate
as the starting universe for selection of the companies and their weights included in the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index. Frank Russell Company (“Russell”) does not in any way sponsor, support, promote or endorse the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index or the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF. Russell was not and is not involved in any way in the creation, calculation,
maintenance or review of the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta®
U.S. Small Cap Equity Index. The Russell 2000® Index
was provided on an “as is” basis. Russell, its affiliates and any other person or entity involved in or related to compiling, computing or creating the Russell 2000® Index (collectively, the “Russell Parties”) expressly disclaim all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose).
Russell does not make any claim, prediction, warranty or
representation whatsoever, expressly or impliedly, either as to (i) the results to be obtained from the use of the Russell 2000® Index or the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index (upon which the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF is based), (ii) the figure at which the Russell 2000® Index or Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index is said to stand at any particular time on any particular day or otherwise, or (iii) the suitability of the Russell 2000® Index or Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index for the purpose to which it is being put in connection with the Goldman
Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF.
Russell has not provided and will not provide any financial or investment advice or recommendation in relation to the Russell 2000® Index or Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index to Goldman Sachs Asset Management or to its clients. The Russell
2000® Index is calculated by Russell or its agent.
Russell shall not be (a) liable (whether in negligence or otherwise) to any person for any error in the Index or (b) under any obligation to advise any person of any
error therein. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any Russell Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive,
consequential (including without limitation lost profits) or any other damages in connection with the Russell 2000® Index, the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF or the Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity Index.
The ActiveBeta® Indices are trademarks of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. and
have been licensed for use by Goldman Sachs ETF Trust.
GOLDMAN SACHS ASSET MANAGEMENT, L.P., THE GOLDMAN SACHS
GROUP, INC., AND GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO. (COLLECTIVELY, “GOLDMAN SACHS”) DOES NOT GUARANTEE NOR MAKE ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, TO THE OWNERS OR SHAREHOLDERS OF THE FUNDS OR ANY MEMBER OF THE PUBLIC
REGARDING THE ADVISABILITY OF INVESTING IN SECURITIES GENERALLY OR IN A FUND PARTICULARLY OR THE ABILITY OF THE ACTIVEBETA® INDICES TO TRACK GENERAL MARKET PERFORMANCE. GOLDMAN SACHS, IN ITS CAPACITY AS THE INDEX PROVIDER OF THE
ACTIVEBETA® INDICES, LICENSES CERTAIN TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES TO THE FUNDS. GOLDMAN SACHS HAS NO OBLIGATION TO TAKE THE NEEDS OF THE FUNDS
OR THE SHAREHOLDERS OF THE FUNDS INTO CONSIDERATION IN DETERMINING, COMPOSING OR CALCULATING THE ACTIVEBETA® INDICES. GOLDMAN SACHS OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES MAY HOLD LONG OR
SHORT POSITIONS IN SECURITIES HELD BY A FUND OR IN RELATED DERIVATIVES.
GOLDMAN SACHS DOES NOT GUARANTEE THE
ADEQUACY, TIMELINESS, ACCURACY AND/OR THE COMPLETENESS OF THE ACTIVEBETA® INDICES OR ANY DATA RELATED THERETO. GOLDMAN SACHS HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR INTERRUPTIONS THEREIN OR IN THE
CALCULATION THEREOF. GOLDMAN SACHS MAKES NO WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR
USE WITH RESPECT TO THE MARKS, THE ACTIVEBETA® INDICES OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN AS TO THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY A FUND, THE SHAREHOLDERS, OR
ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FROM USE OF THE
ACTIVEBETA® INDICES OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN.
WITHOUT LIMITING ANY OF THE FOREGOING, GOLDMAN SACHS HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS), EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES RATINGS
Short-Term Credit Ratings
An S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”)
short-term issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation having an original
maturity of no more than 365 days. The following summarizes the rating categories used by S&P for short-term issues:
“A-1” – A short-term obligation rated “A-1” is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its
financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
“A-2” – A short-term obligation rated “A-2” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
“A-3” – A short-term obligation rated
“A-3” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s
capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
“B” – A short-term obligation rated “B” is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative
characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
“C” – A short-term obligation rated
“C” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial
commitments on the obligation.
“D” – A short-term obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the
“D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to “D” if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Local Currency and Foreign Currency Ratings –
S&P’s issuer credit ratings make a distinction between foreign currency ratings and local currency ratings. An issuer’s foreign currency rating will
differ from its local currency rating when the obligor has a different capacity to meet its obligations denominated in its local currency, vs. obligations denominated in
a foreign currency.
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) short-term ratings are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Moody’s employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:
“P-1” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
“P-2” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
“P-3” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
“NP” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Fitch Ratings, Inc.
(“Fitch”) short-term issuer or obligation ratings are based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the
capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss
severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up
to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
The following summarizes the rating categories used by Fitch for short-term
obligations:
“F1” – Securities possess the highest short-term credit quality. This designation indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
“F2” – Securities possess good short-term credit quality. This designation indicates good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
“F3” – Securities possess fair short-term
credit quality. This designation indicates that the intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
“B” – Securities possess speculative short-term credit quality. This designation indicates minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
“C” – Securities possess high short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
“RD” – Restricted Default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
“D” – Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
“NR” – This designation indicates that Fitch does not publicly rate the associated issuer or issue.
“WD” – This designation indicates that the rating has been withdrawn and is no longer maintained by Fitch.
DBRS, Inc. (“DBRS”) short-term debt rating scale provides an opinion on the risk that an issuer will not meet its short-term financial obligations in a timely manner. Ratings are based on quantitative and qualitative considerations relevant to the issuer and the relative ranking of claims. The “R-1” and “R-2” rating categories are further denoted by the sub-categories “(high)”, “(middle)”, and
“(low)”.
The following summarizes the ratings used by DBRS for commercial
paper and short-term debt:
“R-1 (high)” – Short-term debt rated “R-1 (high)” is of the highest credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is exceptionally high. Unlikely to be adversely affected by future events.
“R-1 (middle)” – Short-term debt rated “R-1 (middle)” is of superior credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is very high. Differs from “R-1 (high)” by a relatively modest degree. Unlikely to be significantly vulnerable to future events.
“R-1 (low)” – Short-term debt rated “R-1
(low)” is of good credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is substantial. Overall strength is not as
favorable as higher rating categories. May be vulnerable to future events, but qualifying negative factors are considered manageable.
“R-2 (high)” – Short-term debt rated “R-2 (high)” is considered to be at the upper end of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events.
“R-2
(middle)” – Short-term debt rated “R-2 (middle)” is considered to be of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term
financial obligations as they fall due is acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events or may be exposed to other factors that could reduce credit quality.
“R-2 (low)” – Short-term debt rated “R-2 (low)” is considered to be at the lower end of adequate credit quality. The capacity for
the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events. A number of challenges are present that could affect the issuer’s ability to meet such obligations.
“R-3” – Short-term debt rated “R-3” is considered to be at the lowest end of adequate credit quality. There is a capacity for the
payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due. May be vulnerable to future events and the certainty of meeting such obligations could be impacted by a variety of developments.
“R-4” – Short-term debt rated
“R-4” is considered to be of speculative credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is
uncertain.
“R-5” – Short-term debt rated “R-5” is considered to be of highly speculative credit quality. There is a high level of uncertainty
as to the capacity to meet short-term financial obligations as they fall
due.
“D” – Short-term debt rated “D” is assigned when the issuer has filed under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or winding up statute or there is a failure to satisfy an obligation after the exhaustion of grace periods, a downgrade to “D” may occur. DBRS may also use “SD” (Selective Default) in cases where only some securities are impacted, such as the case of a “distressed exchange”.
The following summarizes the ratings used by S&P for
long-term issues:
“AAA” – An obligation rated “AAA” has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
“AA” – An obligation rated “AA”
differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
“A” – An obligation rated “A” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
“BBB” – An obligation rated “BBB”
exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its
financial commitments on the obligation.
Obligations rated “BB,” “B,” “CCC,” “CC” and “C” are regarded as
having significant speculative characteristics. “BB” indicates the least degree of speculation and “C” the highest. While such obligations will
likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
“BB” – An obligation rated “BB” is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
“B” – An obligation rated “B” is
more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated “BB”, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the
obligation.
“CCC”
– An obligation rated “CCC” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the
obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the
capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
“CC” – An obligation rated “CC” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The “CC”
rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
“C” – An obligation rated “C” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative
seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
“D” – An obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the “D”
rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to “D” if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
“NR” – This indicates that no rating has been
requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that S&P does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.
Plus (+) or minus (-) – The ratings from “AA” to “CCC” may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
Local Currency and Foreign Currency Ratings –
S&P’s issuer credit ratings make a distinction between foreign currency ratings and local currency ratings. An issuer’s foreign currency rating will
differ from its local currency rating when the obligor has a different capacity to meet its obligations denominated in its local currency, vs. obligations denominated in
a foreign currency.
Moody’s long-term ratings are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. The following summarizes the ratings used by Moody’s for long-term debt:
“Aaa” – Obligations rated “Aaa” are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
“Aa” – Obligations rated “Aa” are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
“A” – Obligations rated “A” are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
“Baa” – Obligations rated “Baa” are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
“Ba” – Obligations rated “Ba” are
judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
“B” – Obligations rated “B” are
considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
“Caa” – Obligations rated “Caa”
are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
“Ca” – Obligations rated “Ca” are
highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
“C” – Obligations rated “C” are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note: Moody’s
appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from “Aa” through “Caa.” The modifier 1 indicates that the
obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end
of that generic rating category.
The following summarizes long-term ratings used by Fitch:
“AAA” – Securities considered to be of the highest credit quality. “AAA” ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
“AA” – Securities considered to be of very
high credit quality. “AA” ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This
capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
“A” – Securities
considered to be of high credit quality. “A” ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered
strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
“BBB” – Securities considered to be of good credit quality. “BBB” ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently
low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
“BB” – Securities considered to be
speculative. “BB” ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions
over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
“B” – Securities considered to be highly speculative. “B” ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
“CCC” – A “CCC” rating indicates that substantial credit risk is present.
“CC” – A “CC” rating indicates very high levels of credit risk.
“C” – A “C” rating indicates exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned “RD” or “D” ratings but are instead rated in the “B” to “C” rating
categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. Fitch believes that this approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and
loss.
Plus (+) or minus (-) may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the “AAA” category or to categories below “CCC”.
“NR” – Denotes that Fitch
does not publicly rate the associated issue or issuer.
“WD” – Indicates that the rating has been
withdrawn and is no longer maintained by Fitch.
The DBRS long-term rating scale provides an opinion on the risk of default. That is, the risk that an issuer will fail to satisfy
its financial obligations in accordance with the terms under which an obligation has been issued. Ratings are based on quantitative and qualitative considerations relevant to the issuer, and the relative ranking of the claims. All rating categories other than “AAA” and “D” also contain subcategories “(high)” and “(low)”. The absence of either a “(high)” or “(low)” designation indicates the
rating is in the middle of the category. The following summarizes the ratings used by DBRS for long-term debt:
“AAA”
– Long-term debt rated “AAA” is of the highest credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is exceptionally high and unlikely
to be adversely affected by future events.
“AA” – Long-term debt rated “AA” is of superior credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is considered high. Credit quality differs from “AAA” only to a small degree. Unlikely to be significantly vulnerable to future events.
“A” – Long-term debt rated “A” is of good credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is substantial, but
of lesser credit quality than “AA.” May be vulnerable to future events, but qualifying negative factors are considered manageable.
“BBB” – Long-term debt rated “BBB” is of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is considered acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events.
“BB” – Long-term debt rated “BB”
is of speculative , non-investment grade credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is uncertain. Vulnerable to future events.
“B” – Long-term debt rated “B” is of highly speculative credit quality. There is a high level of uncertainty as to the capacity to
meet financial obligations.
“CCC”, “CC” and “C” –
Long-term debt rated in any of these categories is of very highly speculative credit quality. In danger of defaulting on financial obligations. There is little difference
between these three categories, although “CC” and “C” ratings are normally applied to obligations that are seen as highly likely to default, or
subordinated to obligations rated in the “CCC” to “B” range. Obligations in respect of which default has not technically taken place but is
considered inevitable may be rated in the “C” category.
“D” – A security rated
“D” is assigned when the issuer has filed under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or winding up statute or there is a failure to satisfy an obligation
after the exhaustion of grace periods, a downgrade to “D” may occur. DBRS may also use “SD” (Selective Default) in cases where only some
securities are impacted, such as the case of a “distressed exchange”.
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to
other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market
for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
Note rating symbols are as follows:
“SP-1” – A municipal note rated “SP-1” exhibits a strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a
very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
“SP-2” – A municipal note
rated “SP-2” exhibits a satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term
of the notes.
“SP-3” – A municipal note rated “SP-3” exhibits a speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
Moody’s uses the Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one
consideration in assigning the MIG
rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels – “MIG-1” through “MIG-3”—while speculative grade short-term obligations are
designated “SG.” The following summarizes the ratings used by Moody’s for these short-term obligations:
“MIG-1” – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
“MIG-2” – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
“MIG-3” – This designation denotes acceptable
credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
“SG” – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
In the case of variable rate demand obligations
(“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned; a long- or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s
evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability
to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal
Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale. The rating transitions on the VMIG scale differ from those on the Prime scale to reflect the risk that external liquidity support generally will terminate if the issuer’s long-term rating drops below investment grade.
“VMIG-1” – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“VMIG-2” – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“VMIG-3” – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“SG” – This designation denotes
speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating
or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“NR” – Is assigned to an unrated obligation.
Fitch uses the same ratings for municipal securities as
described above for other short-term credit ratings.
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Moody’s credit ratings must be construed solely as statements of opinion and not statements of fact or recommendations to purchase, sell or hold any securities.
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to
issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims
or counterparty obligations. Fitch credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms
on which they invested. Fitch’s credit ratings cover the global spectrum of corporate, sovereign financial, bank, insurance and public finance entities (including supranational and sub-national entities) and the securities or other obligations they issue, as well as structured finance securities backed by receivables or other financial assets.
Credit ratings provided by DBRS are forward-looking opinions about credit risk
which reflect the creditworthiness of an issuer, rated entity, and/or security. Credit ratings are not statements of fact. While historical statistics and performance can
be important considerations, credit ratings are not based solely on such; they include subjective considerations and involve expectations for future performance that cannot be guaranteed. To the extent that future events and economic conditions do not match expectations, credit ratings assigned to issuers and/or securities can change. Credit ratings are also based on approved and applicable methodologies, models and criteria (“Methodologies”), which are periodically updated and when material changes are deemed necessary, this may also lead to rating changes.
Credit ratings typically provide an opinion on the risk that investors may not be
repaid in accordance with the terms under which the obligation was issued. In some cases, credit ratings may also include consideration for the relative ranking of claims
and recovery, should default occur. Credit ratings are meant to provide opinions on relative measures of risk and are not based on expectations of any specific default probability, nor are they meant to predict such.
The data and information on which DBRS bases its opinions is not audited
or verified by DBRS, although DBRS conducts a reasonableness review of information received and relied upon in accordance with its Methodologies and policies.
DBRS uses rating symbols as a concise method of expressing its opinion to the market but there are a limited number of rating categories for the possible slight risk differentials that exist across the rating spectrum and DBRS does not assert that credit ratings in the same category are of “exactly” the same quality.
APPENDIX B GOLDMAN SACHS ASSET MANAGEMENT’S PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES SUMMARY
The following is a summary of the material Proxy Voting Guidelines (the
“Guidelines”), which form the substantive basis of our Policy and Procedures on Proxy Voting for Investment Advisory Clients (the “Policy”). As
described in the main body of the Policy, one or more Portfolio Management Teams and/or the Global Stewardship Team may diverge from the Guidelines and a related Recommendation on any particular proxy vote or in connection with any individual investment decision in accordance with the Policy.
Region:
Americas
The following section is a summary of the Guidelines, which form the substantive basis of the Policy with respect to North, Central and South American public equity investments of operating and/or holding companies. Applying these guidelines is subject to certain regional and country-specific exceptions and modifications and is not inclusive of all considerations in each market.
Generally vote FOR proposals to ratify auditors, unless any of the following apply within the last year:
• An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is
therefore not independent;
• There is reason to believe
that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position;
• Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious
level of concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; or material weaknesses identified in audit-related disclosures; or
• Fees for non-audit services are excessive (generally over 50% or more of the audit
fees).
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services or asking for audit firm rotation.
Reincorporation Proposals
We may support management proposals to reincorporate as long as the reincorporation would not substantially diminish shareholder rights. We may not support shareholder proposals for reincorporation unless the current jurisdiction of incorporation is substantially less shareholder friendly than the proposed reincorporation, there is a strong economic case to reincorporate or the company has a history of making decisions that are not shareholder friendly.
Exclusive Venue for Shareholder Lawsuits
Generally vote FOR on exclusive venue proposals, taking into account:
• Whether the company has been materially harmed by shareholder litigation outside its jurisdiction of incorporation, based on disclosure in the company's proxy statement;
• Whether the company has the following governance features:
• Majority independent board;
• Independent key committees;
• An annually elected board;
• A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections;
• The absence of a poison pill, unless the pill was approved by shareholders; and/or
• Separate Chairman CEO role or, if combined, an independent chairman with clearly delineated duties.
Generally vote FOR management proposals allowing for the convening of hybrid*
shareholder meetings if it is clear that it is not the intention to hold virtual-only AGMs. Generally vote AGAINST proposals allowing for the convening of virtual-only*
shareholder meetings.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals
requesting in person shareholder meetings if a meeting of shareholders is held exclusively through the use of online technology without a corresponding in-person
meeting.
* The phrase “virtual-only shareholder meeting” refers to a meeting of shareholders that is held exclusively through the use of online technology without a corresponding in-person meeting. The term “hybrid shareholder meeting” refers to an in-person, or physical, meeting in which shareholders are permitted to participate online.
Public Benefit Corporation Proposals (United States)
Generally vote FOR management proposals and CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder proposals related to the conversion of the company into a public benefit corporation.
Amend Articles of Incorporation to Provide for Officer and
Director Exculpation (United States)
Generally vote FOR management proposals to amend the company's certificate of incorporation to reflect new Delaware law provisions regarding officer and director exculpation.
Generally vote AGAINST other business when it appears as a voting item.
Generally vote FOR non-contentious administrative management requests.
The board of directors should promote the interests of shareholders by acting in an oversight and/or advisory role; should consist of a majority of independent directors and/or meet local best practice expectations; should be composed of directors with diverse backgrounds and perspectives; and should be held accountable for actions and results related to their responsibilities. The board of directors should seek to comply with commonly accepted corporate governance best practices as well as the corporate governance standards that are applicable in their country and state of incorporation. The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly disclosed.
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Vote on director nominees should be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis taking into consideration the following:
• Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a timely manner; or
• There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements; or
• There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest; or
• There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests; or
• The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards; or
• There are reservations about:
• Bundling of proposals to elect directors
• Disclosure of named nominees
• Overboarded
directors
• Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as
criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities; or
• There are other considerations
which may include sanction from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues relate to improper business practice, failure to replace
management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards.
Generally vote FOR employee and/or labor representatives if
they sit on either the audit or compensation committee and are required by law to be on those committees.
Generally vote AGAINST employee and/or labor representatives if they sit on either the audit or compensation committee, if they are not required to be on those committees.
Generally vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from individual directors who, without further explanation:
• Sit on more than five public company boards; or
• Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than
two public companies besides their own--withhold only at their outside boards.
Director Independence (United States)
At companies incorporated in the US, where applicable, the New York Stock
Exchange or NASDAQ Listing Standards definition is to be used to classify directors as inside directors, affiliated outside directors, or independent outside
directors.
Additionally, we will consider compensation committee interlocking directors to be affiliated (defined as CEOs who sit on each other’s compensation committees).
Classification of Directors
• Employee or executive of the company; and
• Any director who is classified as a non-executive, but receives
salary, fees, bonus, and/or other benefits that are in line with the highest-paid executives of the company.
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director (NED)
• Any director who is attested by the board to be a non-independent NED;
• Any director specifically designated as a representative of a significant shareholder of the company;
• Any director who is also an employee or executive of a significant shareholder of
the company;
• Beneficial owner (direct or indirect) of at least 10% of the
company’s stock, either in economic terms or in voting rights (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group,
e.g., family members who beneficially own less than 10% individually, but collectively own more than 10%), unless market best practice dictates a lower ownership and/or disclosure threshold (and in other special market-specific circumstances);
• Government
representative;
• Currently provides (or a relative provides) professional services
to the company, to an affiliate of the company, or to an individual officer of the company or of one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year;
• Represents customer, supplier, creditor, banker, or other entity
with which company maintains transactional/commercial relationship (unless company discloses information to apply a materiality test);
• Any director who has conflicting or cross-directorships with executive directors or
the chairman of the company;
• Relative of a current employee of the company or
its affiliates;
• Relative of a former executive of the company or its affiliates;
• A new appointee elected other than by a formal process through
the General Meeting (such as a contractual appointment by a substantial shareholder);
• Founder/co-founder/member of founding family but not currently an employee;
• Former executive (a cooling off period may be applied);
• Years of service is generally not a determining factor unless it
is recommended best practice in a market and/or in extreme circumstances, in which case it may be considered; and
• Any additional relationship or principle considered to compromise
independence under local corporate governance best practice guidance.
• No material connection, either directly or indirectly, to the company other than a
board seat.
• Represents employees or employee shareholders of the company (classified as “employee representative” but considered a non-independent NED).
Generally vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from individual directors who attend less than 75% of the board and committee meetings without a disclosed valid excuse.
Generally, vote FOR the bundled election of management nominees, unless adequate
disclosures of the nominees have not been provided in a timely manner or if one or more of the nominees does not meet the expectation of our policy.
Other items considered for an AGAINST vote include specific concerns about the individual or the company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities, sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, the presence of inappropriate related party transactions, or other issues related to improper business practices.
Committee Responsibilities and Expectations
The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but
not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly
disclosed.
We generally support incumbent directors, taking into consideration the below factors.
• Material failures of
governance, stewardship, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company including but not limited to violations of global norms principles and/or other significant global
standards;
• Failure to disclose material information;
• Egregious actions related to the director(s)’ service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company;
• The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received
approval of the majority of shares cast the previous year (a management proposal with other than a FOR recommendation by management will not be considered as sufficient
action taken); an adopted proposal that is substantially similar to the original shareholder proposal will be deemed sufficient; (vote against members of the committee of the board that is responsible for the issue under consideration). If we did not support the shareholder proposal, we may still vote against the committee member(s).
• The company’s poison pill has a dead-hand or modified
dead-hand feature for two or more years. Vote against/withhold every year until this feature is removed; however, vote against the poison pill if there is one on the
ballot with this feature rather than the director;
• The board adopts or renews a poison pill without shareholder approval, does not commit to putting it to shareholder vote within 12 months of adoption (or in the case of a newly public company, does not commit to put the pill to a shareholder vote within 12 months following the IPO), or reneges on a commitment to put the pill to a vote, and has not yet received a withhold/against recommendation for this issue;
• The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of the shareholders tendered their shares;
• If in an extreme situation the board lacks accountability and
oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Audit Committee if poor accounting practices, which rise to a level of serious concern are identified, such as, but not limited to, fraud, misapplication of GAAP, excessive non-audit fees, excessive pledging or hedging of stock by executives, and material weaknesses identified in audit-related disclosures.
Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence and
duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether negative vote recommendations are warranted against the
members of the Audit Committee who are responsible for the poor accounting practices, or the entire board.
Compensation Committee (North America)
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Compensation Committee, factors considered
may include whether:
• We voted against the company’s management say on pay
proposal (MSOP) in the previous year, the company’s previous MSOP received significant opposition of votes cast and we are voting against this year’s
MSOP;
• The board implements a MSOP on a less frequent basis than the frequency that
received the plurality of votes cast; or
• The MSOP or equity-based
incentive plan proposal item is not on the ballot and the company maintains problematic pay practices.
Nominating/Governance Committee
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Nominating/Governance Committee considering
if:
• A company does not meet the board diversity requirements of local
listing rules, corporate governance codes, national targets, or the board diversity is significantly below that of the average in its market; provided that company
performance, or other factors, will generally be taken into consideration;
• The level of board
independence does not meet the requirements of local regulations, listing rules, corporate governance codes, or local market best practices;
• If the average board tenure exceeds 15 years, and there has not been a new nominee
in the past 5 years;
• A company maintains a classified board structure without a sunset provision, has opted into, or failed to opt out of, state laws requiring a classified board structure or has a capital structure with unequal voting rights (United States);
• At the previous board election, any director received more than
50% withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the underlying issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote;
• The board amends the company’s bylaws or charter without
shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders’ rights or could adversely impact shareholders; or
• The board has materially limited shareholders’ right to proxy access (United
States).
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in contested elections of directors, e.g.,
the election of shareholder nominees or the dismissal of incumbent directors, determining which directors are best suited to add value for shareholders.
The analysis will generally be based on, but not limited to, the following major decision factors:
• Company performance relative to its peers;
• Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents;
• Independence of board candidates;
• Experience and skills of board candidates;
• Governance profile of the company;
• Evidence of management entrenchment;
• Responsiveness to shareholders;
• Whether a takeover offer has been rebuffed; and
• Whether minority or majority representation is being sought.
Proxy Access (United States)
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder or management proposals asking for proxy
access.
We may support proxy access as an important right for shareholders and as an alternative to costly proxy contests and as a method for us to vote for directors on an individual basis, as appropriate, rather than voting on one slate or the other. While this could be an important shareholder right, the following factors will be taken into account when evaluating the shareholder proposals:
• The ownership thresholds, percentage and duration proposed (we
generally will not support if the ownership threshold is less than 3%);
• The maximum proportion of
directors that shareholders may nominate each year (we generally will not support if the proportion of directors is greater than 25%); and
• Other restricting factors that when taken in combination could serve to materially
limit the proxy access provision.
We will take the above factors into account when evaluating proposals proactively adopted by the company or in response to a shareholder proposal to adopt or amend the right.
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses
Other Board Related Proposals (Management and
Shareholder)
Generally vote AGAINST management and
shareholder proposals introducing classified boards.
Generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals regarding mandatory retirement ages for directors.
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals to alter board structure or size in the context of a fight for control of the company or the board.
Independent Board Chair (for applicable markets)
We will generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
• Two-thirds independent board, or majority in countries where employee representation is common practice;
• A designated, or a rotating, lead director, elected by and from
the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties;
• Fully independent key committees; and/or
• Established, publicly disclosed, governance guidelines and director
biographies/profiles.
Proposals Regarding Board Declassification
We will generally vote FOR management and shareholder proposals regarding the
adoption of a declassified board structure.
Majority Vote Shareholder
Proposals
We will generally vote FOR proposals requesting that the board adopt majority voting in the election of directors provided it does not conflict with the law where the company is incorporated. We also look for companies to adopt a post-election policy outlining how the company will address the situation of a holdover director.
Cumulative Vote Shareholder Proposals
We will generally vote FOR shareholder proposals to restore or provide cumulative voting unless the company has adopted (i) majority vote standard with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats and (ii) a director resignation policy to address failed elections.
3. Executive and Non- Executive Compensation
Good pay practices should align management’s interests with long-term
shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of compensation criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive
performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Compensation practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
If the company maintains problematic or poor pay practices, generally
vote:
• AGAINST Management Say on Pay (MSOP) Proposals; or
• AGAINST an equity-based incentive plan proposal if excessive non-performance-based equity awards are the major contributor to a pay-for-performance misalignment.
Equity Compensation Plans
We will generally vote FOR management proposals on equity-based compensation plans. Evaluation takes into account potential plan cost, plan features and grant practices. While a negative combination of these factors may cause a vote AGAINST, other reasons to consider a vote AGAINST the equity plan could include the following factors:
• The plan permits the repricing of stock options/stock appreciation rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval; or
• There is more than one problematic material feature of the plan,
which could include one of the following: unfavorable change-in-control features, presence of gross ups and options reload.
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay, MSOP) Management Proposals (North America)
Generally vote FOR annual frequency and AGAINST all proposals asking for any frequency less than annual.
We will generally vote FOR management proposals for an advisory vote on executive compensation considering the context of each company’s specific circumstances and the board’s disclosed rationale for its practices.
When a disconnect between pay and performance exists, pay practices that may result in a vote AGAINST management proposals on an advisory vote on executive compensation may include:
• Lack of transparent disclosure
of compensation philosophy and goals and targets, including details on short-term and long-term performance incentives;
• Long term incentive awards consisting of less than 50% performance-based
awards;
• Lack of the board’s response to failed MSOP vote the previous year;
• Abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper
disclosure;
• Egregious employment or retention contracts;
• Excessive perquisites or excessive severance and/or change in control
provisions;
• Extraordinary relocation benefits;
• Long term incentive awards evaluated over a time period of less than three
years;
• The board used discretion without sufficient disclosure;
• The board changed the targets and/or performance metrics during the pay
period;
• The board awarded a multi-year guaranteed cash bonus or non-performance equity
award;
• The board retested performance goals or awarded a pay for failure pay plan;
• The plan allows for the single trigger acceleration of unvested equity awards
and/or provides excise tax gross ups;
• Repricing or replacing of underwater stock
options without prior shareholder approval;
• Egregious pension/SERP (supplemental executive
retirement plan) payouts; and
• The board has adopted other pay practices that
may increase risk to shareholders.
Other Compensation Proposals and Policies
Employee Stock Purchase
Plans – Non-Qualified Plans
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans taking into account the following factors:
• Broad-based participation;
• Limits on employee contributions;
• Company matching contributions; and
• Presence of a discount on the stock price on the date of purchase.
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice
options, taking into consideration:
• Historic trading
patterns—the stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term;
• Rationale for the re-pricing;
• If it is a value-for-value exchange;
• If surrendered stock options are added back to the plan reserve;
• Term of the option—the term should remain the same as that of the replaced
option;
• Exercise price—should be set at fair market or a premium to market;
and
• Participants—executive officers and directors should be excluded.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder
vote.
Stock Retention Holding Period
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals asking for a policy requiring that
senior executives retain a significant percentage of shares acquired through equity compensation programs if the policy requests retention for two years or less following
the termination of their employment (through retirement or otherwise) and
a holding threshold percentage of 50% or less.
Also consider whether the company has any holding period, retention ratio, or
officer ownership requirements in place and the terms/provisions of awards already granted.
Elimination of Accelerated Vesting in the Event of a Change in Control
Generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals seeking a
policy eliminating the accelerated vesting of time-based equity awards in the event of a change-in-control.
Performance-based Equity Awards and Pay-for-Superior-Performance Proposals
Generally vote FOR unless there is sufficient evidence that the current compensation structure is already substantially performance-based. We consider performance-based awards to include awards that are tied to shareholder return or other metrics that are relevant to the business.
Say on Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERP)
Generally vote AGAINST proposals asking for shareholder votes on SERP.
4. Shareholders
Rights and Defenses
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the
ability to act by written consent, unless:
• The company already gives shareholders the right
to call special meetings at a threshold of 25% or lower; and
• The company has a history of strong governance practices.
Special Meetings Arrangements
Generally vote FOR management proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings at a threshold of 25% or lower if the company currently does not give shareholders the right to call special meetings. However, if a company already gives shareholders the right to call special meetings at a threshold of at least 25%, vote AGAINST shareholder proposals to further reduce the threshold.
Generally vote AGAINST management proposals seeking shareholder approval for the company to hold special meetings with 14 days notice unless the company offers shareholders the ability to vote by electronic means and a proposal to reduce the period of notice to not less than 14 days has received majority support.
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder
Proposals/Nominations
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on advance notice proposals, giving support to proposals that allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations reasonably close to the meeting date and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory and shareholder review.
Shareholder Voting Requirements
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote. Generally vote FOR management and shareholder proposals to reduce supermajority vote requirements.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it, unless the company has:
• a shareholder-approved poison pill in place; or
• adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying certain shareholder friendly provisions.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals calling for poison pills to be put to a vote within a time period of less than one year after adoption.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing
on the features of the shareholder rights plan.
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the company’s existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and any problematic governance concerns.
5. Strategic
Transactions and Capital Structures
Reorganizations/Restructurings
Vote reorganizations and restructurings on a CASE-BY-CASE
basis.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following
based on publicly available information:
• Management’s track record of successful integration of historical
acquisitions;
• Presence of conflicts of interest; and
• Governance profile of the combined company.
Generally vote FOR resolutions that seek to maintain or convert to a one-share,
one-vote capital structure.
Generally vote AGAINST requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures or the creation of new or additional super voting shares.
General Issuances:
Generally vote FOR issuance requests with preemptive rights to
a maximum of 100% over currently issued capital or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote FOR issuance requests without preemptive rights to a maximum of 20% of currently issued capital or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Specific Issuances:
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis on all requests, with or without preemptive rights.
Increases in Authorized Capital
Generally vote FOR non-specific proposals to increase authorized capital up to 100% over the current authorization unless the increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its new authorization outstanding, or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote FOR specific proposals to increase authorized capital to any
amount, unless:
• The specific purpose of the increase (such as a share-based
acquisition or merger) does not meet guidelines for the purpose being proposed; or
• The increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its
new authorization outstanding after adjusting for all proposed issuances or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to adopt unlimited capital authorizations.
Reduction of
Capital
Generally vote FOR proposals to reduce capital for routine accounting purposes unless the terms are unfavorable to shareholders.
Vote proposals to reduce capital in connection with corporate restructuring on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote FOR the creation of a new class of preferred stock or for
issuances of preferred stock up to 50% of issued capital unless the terms of the preferred stock would adversely affect the rights of existing shareholders.
Generally vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible preferred stock as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Generally vote AGAINST the creation of a new class of
preference shares that would carry superior voting rights to the common shares.
Generally vote AGAINST the creation of blank check preferred stock unless the board clearly states that the authorization will not be used to thwart a takeover bid.
Vote proposals to increase blank check preferred authorizations on a CASE-BY-CASE
basis.
Vote non-convertible debt issuance requests on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, with or
without preemptive rights.
Generally vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible debt instruments as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Generally vote FOR proposals to restructure existing debt
arrangements unless the terms of the restructuring would adversely affect the rights of shareholders.
Increase in Borrowing Powers
Vote proposals to approve increases in a company's borrowing powers on a
CASE-BY-CASE basis.
We will generally vote FOR share repurchase programs taking into account
whether:
• The share repurchase program can be used as a takeover defense;
• There is clear evidence of historical abuse;
• There is no safeguard in the share repurchase program against selective buybacks;
and
• Pricing provisions and safeguards in the share repurchase program
are deemed to be unreasonable in light of market practice.
Reissuance of Repurchased Shares
Generally vote FOR requests to reissue any repurchased shares unless there is clear evidence of abuse of this authority in the past.
Capitalization of Reserves for Bonus Issues/Increase in Par Value
Generally vote FOR requests to
capitalize reserves for bonus issues of shares or to increase par value.
Related-Party Transactions
Vote related-party transactions on a CASE-BY-CASE basis,
considering factors including, but not limited to, the following:
• The parties on either side of the transaction;
• The nature of the asset to be transferred/service to be provided;
• The pricing of the transaction (and any associated professional valuation);
• The views of independent directors (where provided);
• The views of an independent financial adviser (where appointed);
• Whether any entities party to the transaction (including advisers) is conflicted; and
• The stated rationale for the transaction, including discussions of timing
Common and Preferred Stock Authorization
Generally vote FOR proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance.
Generally vote FOR proposals to increase the number of shares of preferred stock, as long as there is a commitment to not use the shares for anti-takeover purposes.
6. Other Management and Shareholder Proposals
Management and shareholder proposals considered under this category could
include, among others, requests that a company:
• Publish a report or additional information
related to the company’s business and impact on stakeholders;
• Disclose policies related to specific business practices and/or services;
• Conduct third party audits, reports or studies related to the company’s business practices, services and/or impact on stakeholders
When evaluating management and shareholder proposals, the following factors are
generally considered:
• Whether the subject of the proposal is
considered to be material to the company’s business;
• The company’s current level of publicly available disclosure, including if the company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies;
• If the company has implemented or formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on a recognized industry group standards or recommendations, such as the International Sustainability Standards
Board’s Sustainability Accounting Standards, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s (SASB) standards, the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure’s (TCFD) recommendations, or a similar standard;
• Whether the information requested concerns business issues that relate to a meaningful percentage of the
company’s business;
• The degree to which the company’s stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing;
• Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in the proposal;
• What other
companies in the relevant industry have done in response to the issue addressed in the proposal;
• Whether the proposal itself is well framed and the cost of preparing the report and/or the implementation
is reasonable;
• Whether the subject of the proposal is best left to the discretion of the board;
• Whether the proposal is legally binding for the board;
• Whether the company has material fines or violations in the area and if so, if appropriate actions have already been taken to remedy going forward; and
• Whether providing this information would reveal proprietary or confidential information that would place the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Region: Europe,
Middle East and Africa (EMEA) Proxy Items
The following section is a broad summary of the Guidelines, which form the basis of the Policy with respect to EMEA public equity
investments of operating and/or holding companies. Applying these guidelines is subject to certain regional and country-specific exceptions and modifications and is not inclusive of all considerations in each market.
Financial Results/Director and Auditor Reports
Generally vote FOR approval of financial statements and director and auditor reports, unless:
• There are serious concerns about the accounts presented, audit procedures used or
audit opinion rendered; or
• The company is not responsive to shareholder
questions about specific items that should be publicly disclosed.
Appointment of Auditors and Auditor Fees
Generally vote FOR the re-election of auditors and proposals authorizing the board to fix auditor fees unless:
• There are serious concerns about the accounts presented, audit procedures used or
audit opinion rendered;
• There is reason to believe
that the auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position;
• Name of the proposed auditor has not been published;
• The auditors are being changed without explanation;
• Non-audit-related fees are substantial, or are in excess of
standard annual audit-related fees, or in excess of permitted local limits and guidelines; or
• The appointment of external auditors if they have previously
served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company.
Appointment of Internal Statutory Auditors
Generally vote FOR the appointment or re-election of statutory auditors,
unless:
• There are serious concerns about the statutory reports presented or the audit
procedures used;
• Questions exist concerning any of the statutory auditors being appointed; or
• The auditors have previously served the company in an executive
capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company.
Reincorporation Proposals
Vote reincorporation proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis
Generally vote FOR approval of the allocation of income, unless:
• The dividend payout ratio has been consistently low without adequate explanation; or
• The payout is excessive given the company’s financial position.
Stock (Scrip) Dividend
Alternative
Generally vote FOR most stock (scrip) dividend proposals.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals that do not allow for a cash option unless
management demonstrates that the cash option is harmful to shareholder
value.
Amendments to Articles of Association
Vote amendments to the articles of association on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Change in Company Fiscal Term
Generally vote FOR resolutions to change a company’s fiscal term unless a
company’s motivation for the change is to postpone its annual general meeting.
Lower Disclosure Threshold for Stock Ownership
Generally vote AGAINST resolutions to lower the stock ownership disclosure
threshold below 5% unless specific reasons exist to implement a lower threshold.
Amend Quorum Requirements
Vote proposals to amend quorum requirements for shareholder meetings on a
CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote FOR management proposals allowing for the convening of hybrid*
shareholder meetings if it is clear that it is not the intention to hold virtual-only AGMs. Generally vote AGAINST proposals allowing for the convening of virtual-only*
shareholder meetings.
* The phrase “virtual-only shareholder meeting” refers to a meeting
of shareholders that is held exclusively through the use of online technology without a corresponding in-person meeting. The term “hybrid shareholder meeting”
refers to an in-person, or physical, meeting in which shareholders are permitted to participate online.
Public Benefit Corporation Proposals
Generally vote FOR management proposals and CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder proposals
related to the conversion of the company into a public benefit
corporation.
Generally vote AGAINST other business when it appears as a voting item.
Generally vote FOR non-contentious administrative management requests.
The board of directors should promote the interests of shareholders by acting in an oversight and/or advisory role; should consist of a majority of independent directors and/or meet local best practice expectations; should be composed of directors with diverse backgrounds and perspectives; and should be held accountable for actions and results related to their responsibilities. The board of
directors should seek to comply with
commonly accepted corporate governance best practices as well as the corporate governance standards that are applicable in their country and state of incorporation. The
board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and
appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly disclosed.
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Vote on director nominees should be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis
taking into consideration the following:
• Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a
timely manner; or
• There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements; or
• There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest; or
• There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests; or
• The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards; or
• There are reservations about:
• Bundling of proposals to elect directors
• Disclosure of named nominees
• Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as
criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities; or
• There are other considerations
which may include sanction from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues relate to improper business practice, failure to replace
management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards.
Generally vote FOR employee and/or labor representatives if
they sit on either the audit or compensation committee and are required by law to be on those committees.
Generally vote AGAINST employee and/or labor representatives if they sit on either the audit or compensation committee, if they are not required to be on those committees.
Classification of Directors
• Employee or executive of the company; and
• Any director who is classified as a non-executive, but receives
salary, fees, bonus, and/or other benefits that are in line with the highest-paid executives of the company.
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director (NED)
• Any director who is attested by the board to be a non-independent NED;
• Any director specifically designated as a representative of a significant shareholder of the company;
• Any
director who is also an employee or executive of a significant shareholder of the company;
• Beneficial owner (direct or indirect) of at least 10% of the company’s stock, either in economic terms or in voting rights (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group, e.g., family members who beneficially own less than 10% individually, but collectively own more than 10%), unless market best practice dictates a lower ownership and/or disclosure threshold (and in other special market-specific circumstances);
• Government representative;
• Currently provides (or a relative provides) professional services
to the company, to an affiliate of the company, or to an individual officer of the company or of one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year;
• Represents customer, supplier, creditor, banker, or other entity
with which company maintains transactional/commercial relationship (unless company discloses information to apply a materiality test);
• Any director who has conflicting or cross-directorships with executive directors or
the chairman of the company;
• Relative of a current employee of the company or
its affiliates;
• Relative of a former executive of the company or its affiliates;
• A new appointee elected other than by a formal process through
the General Meeting (such as a contractual appointment by a substantial shareholder);
• Founder/co-founder/member of founding family but not currently an employee;
• Former executive (a cooling off period may be applied);
• Years of service is generally not a determining factor unless it
is recommended best practice in a market and/or in extreme circumstances, in which case it may be considered; and
• Any additional relationship or principle considered to compromise
independence under local corporate governance best practice guidance.
• No material connection, either directly or indirectly, to the company other than a
board seat.
• Represents employees or employee shareholders of the company (classified as “employee representative” but considered a non-independent NED).
Generally vote AGAINST individual directors who attend less than 75% of the board and committee meetings without a disclosed valid excuse.
Generally, vote FOR the bundled election of management nominees, unless adequate
disclosures of the nominees have not been provided in a timely manner or if one or more of the nominees does not meet the expectation of our policy.
Other items considered for an AGAINST vote include specific concerns about the individual or the company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities, sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, the presence of inappropriate related party transactions, or other issues related to improper business practices.
Generally vote FOR the discharge of directors, including members of the
management board and/or supervisory board, unless there is reliable information about significant and compelling controversies that the board is not fulfilling its
fiduciary duties warranted by:
• A lack of oversight or actions by board members which invoke shareholder distrust related to malfeasance or poor supervision, such as operating in private or company interest rather than in shareholder interest; or
• Any legal issues (e.g., civil/criminal) aiming to hold the board
responsible for breach of trust in the past or related to currently alleged actions yet to be confirmed (and not only the fiscal year in question), such as price fixing,
insider trading, bribery, fraud, and other illegal actions; or
• Other egregious governance issues where shareholders may bring legal action against the company or its directors; or
• Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis where a vote against other agenda items are deemed
inappropriate.
Committee Responsibilities and Expectations
The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but
not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly
disclosed.
We generally support incumbent directors, taking into consideration the below factors.
• Material failures of
governance, stewardship, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company, including but not limited to violations of global norms principles and/or other significant global
standards;
• Failure to disclose material information;
• Egregious actions related to the director(s)’ service on
other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company;
• The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received
approval of the majority of shares cast for previous year (a management proposal with other than a FOR recommendation by management will not be considered as sufficient
action taken); an adopted proposal that is substantially similar to the original shareholder proposal will be deemed sufficient; (vote against members of the committee of the board that is responsible for the issue under consideration). If we did not support the shareholder proposal, we may still vote against the committee member(s).
• The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of the shareholders
tendered their shares; or
• If in an extreme situation the
board lacks accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Audit Committee if poor accounting practices,
which rise to a level of serious concern are identified, such as, but not limited to, fraud, misapplication of GAAP, excessive non-audit fees, excessive pledging or
hedging of stock by executives, and material weaknesses identified in audit-related disclosures.
Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether negative vote recommendations are warranted against the members of the Audit Committee who are responsible for the poor accounting practices, or the entire board.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Remuneration Committee, factors considered may include whether:
• We voted against the company’s MSOP in the previous year,
the company’s previous MSOP received significant opposition of votes cast and we are voting against this year’s MSOP;
• The board implements a MSOP on a less frequent basis than the frequency that
received the plurality of votes cast; or
• The MSOP or equity-based
incentive plan proposal item is not on the ballot and the company maintains problematic pay practices.
Nominating/Governance
Committee
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Nominating/Governance Committee considering if:
• A company does not meet the
board diversity requirements of local listing rules, corporate governance codes, national targets, or the board diversity is significantly below that of the average in
its market; provided that company performance, or other factors, will generally be taken into consideration;
• The level of board independence does not meet the requirements of
local regulations, listing rules, corporate governance codes, or local market best practices;
• At the previous board election, any director received more than
50% withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the underlying issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote; or
• The board amends the company’s bylaws or charter without
shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders’ rights or could adversely impact shareholders.
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in contested elections of directors, e.g.,
the election of shareholder nominees or the dismissal of incumbent directors, determining which directors are best suited to add value for shareholders.
The analysis will generally be based on, but not limited to, the following major decision factors:
• Company performance relative to its peers;
• Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents;
• Independence of board candidates;
• Experience and skills of board candidates;
• Governance profile of the company;
• Evidence of management entrenchment;
• Responsiveness to shareholders;
• Whether a takeover offer has been rebuffed; and
• Whether minority or majority representation is being sought.
Other Board Related Proposals (Management and Shareholder)
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals
introducing classified boards.
Generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals regarding mandatory retirement ages for directors.
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals to alter board structure or size in the context of a fight for control of the company or the board.
Independent Board Chair (for applicable markets)
We will generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the
chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
• Two-thirds independent board, or majority in countries where employee
representation is common practice;
• A designated, or a rotating,
lead director, elected by and from the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties;
• Fully
independent key committees; and/or
• Established, publicly disclosed, governance
guidelines and director biographies/profiles.
Good pay practices should align management’s interests with long-term
shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of remuneration criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive
performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Remuneration practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
If the company maintains problematic or poor pay practices, generally
vote:
• AGAINST Management Say on Pay (MSOP) Proposals, Remuneration Reports; or
• AGAINST an equity-based incentive plan proposal if excessive
non-performance-based equity awards are the major contributor to a pay-for-performance misalignment.
When a disconnect between pay and performance exists, pay practices that may
result in a vote AGAINST management proposals on an advisory vote on executive compensation may include:
• Lack of transparent disclosure of compensation philosophy and
goals and targets, including details on short-term and long-term performance incentives;
• Long term incentive awards consisting of less than 50% performance-based
awards;
• Lack of the board’s response to failed MSOP vote the previous year;
• Abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper
disclosure;
• Egregious employment or retention contracts;
• Excessive perquisites or excessive severance and/or change in control provisions;
and
• Extraordinary relocation benefits.
Non-Executive Director Compensation
Generally vote FOR proposals to award cash fees to non-executive directors unless
the amounts are excessive relative to other companies in the country or industry.
Vote non-executive director compensation proposals that include both cash and share-based components on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote proposals that bundle compensation for both non-executive and executive directors into a single resolution on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to introduce retirement benefits for
non-executive directors.
Director, Officer, and Auditor Indemnification and Liability
Provisions
Vote proposals seeking indemnification
and liability protection for directors and officers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to indemnify auditors.
Other Remuneration Related Proposals
Vote on other remuneration related proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
4. Shareholder Rights and Defenses
Generally vote AGAINST all antitakeover proposals, unless they are structured in such a way that they give shareholders the ultimate decision on any proposal or offer.
For the Netherlands, vote recommendations regarding management proposals to
approve protective preference shares will be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
For French companies listed on a regulated market, generally vote AGAINST any general authorities impacting the share capital (i.e. authorities for share repurchase plans and any general share issuances with or without preemptive rights) if they can be used for antitakeover purposes without shareholders' prior explicit approval.
5. Strategic Transactions, Capital Structures and
other Business Considerations
Reorganizations/Restructurings
Vote reorganizations and restructurings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following based on publicly available information:
• Management’s track record of successful integration of historical
acquisitions;
• Presence of conflicts of interest; and
• Governance profile of the combined company.
Generally vote FOR resolutions that seek to maintain or convert to a one-share,
one-vote capital structure.
Generally vote AGAINST requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures or the creation of new or additional super voting shares.
General
Issuances:
Generally vote FOR issuance requests with preemptive rights to a maximum of 100% over currently issued capital or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote FOR issuance requests without preemptive rights to a maximum of
20% of currently issued capital or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Specific Issuances:
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis on all requests, with or without
preemptive rights.
Increases in Authorized Capital
Generally vote FOR non-specific proposals to increase authorized capital up to
100% over the current authorization unless the increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its new authorization outstanding, or any stricter limit set in
local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote FOR specific proposals to increase authorized capital to any
amount, unless:
• The specific purpose of the increase (such as a share-based
acquisition or merger) does not meet guidelines for the purpose being proposed; or
• The increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its
new authorization outstanding after adjusting for all proposed issuances or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to adopt unlimited capital authorizations.
Generally vote FOR proposals to reduce capital for routine accounting purposes unless the terms are unfavorable to shareholders.
Vote proposals to reduce capital in connection with corporate restructuring on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote FOR the creation of a new class of preferred stock or for
issuances of preferred stock up to 50% of issued capital unless the terms of the preferred stock would adversely affect the rights of existing shareholders.
Generally vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible preferred stock as long as the maximum number of common
shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance
requests.
Generally vote AGAINST the creation of a new class of preference shares that would carry superior voting rights to the common shares.
Generally vote AGAINST the creation of blank check preferred stock unless the
board clearly states that the authorization will not be used to thwart a takeover bid.
Vote proposals to increase blank check preferred authorizations on a CASE-BY-CASE
basis.
Vote non-convertible debt issuance requests on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, with or
without preemptive rights.
Generally vote FOR the creation/issuance
of convertible debt instruments as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Generally vote FOR proposals to restructure existing debt arrangements unless the terms of the restructuring would adversely affect the rights of shareholders.
Increase in Borrowing Powers
Vote proposals to approve increases in a company's borrowing powers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
We will generally vote FOR share repurchase programs taking into account
whether:
• The share repurchase program can be used as a takeover defense;
• There is clear evidence of historical abuse;
• There is no safeguard in the share repurchase program against selective buybacks;
and
• Pricing provisions and safeguards in the share repurchase program
are deemed to be unreasonable in light of market practice.
Reissuance of Repurchased Shares
Generally vote FOR requests to reissue any repurchased shares unless there is clear evidence of abuse of this authority in the past.
Capitalization of Reserves for Bonus Issues/Increase in Par Value
Generally vote FOR requests to capitalize reserves for bonus
issues of shares or to increase par value.
Related-Party Transactions
Vote related-party transactions on a CASE-BY-CASE basis,
considering factors including, but not limited to, the following:
• The parties on either side of the transaction;
• The nature of the asset to be transferred/service to be provided;
• The pricing of the transaction (and any associated professional valuation);
• The views of independent directors (where provided);
• The views of an independent financial adviser (where appointed);
• Whether any entities party to the transaction (including advisers) is conflicted; and
• The stated rationale for the transaction, including discussions of timing
6. Other Management and Shareholder
Proposals
Management and shareholder proposals considered under this category could
include, among others, requests that a
company:
• Publish a report or additional information related to the company’s business and impact on stakeholders;
• Disclose
policies related to specific business practices and/or services;
• Conduct third party audits, reports or studies related to the company’s business practices, services and/or impact on stakeholders
When evaluating management and shareholder proposals, the following factors are
generally considered:
• Whether the subject of the proposal is
considered to be material to the company’s business;
• The company’s current level of publicly available disclosure, including if the company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies;
• If the company has implemented or formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on a recognized industry group standards or recommendations, such as the International Sustainability Standards Board’s Sustainability Accounting Standards, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s (SASB) standards, the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure’s
(TCFD) recommendations, or a similar standard;
• Whether the information requested concerns business issues that relate to a meaningful percentage of the
company’s business;
• The degree to which the company’s stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing;
• Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in the proposal;
• What other companies in the relevant industry have done in response to the issue
addressed in the proposal;
• Whether the proposal itself is well framed and
the cost of preparing the report and/or the implementation is reasonable;
• Whether the subject of the proposal is best left to the discretion of the board;
• Whether the proposal is legally binding for the board;
• Whether the company has material fines or violations in the area and if so, if appropriate actions have already been taken to remedy going forward; and
• Whether providing this information would reveal proprietary or confidential information that would place the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Region: Asia Pacific
(APAC) Proxy Items
The following section is a broad summary of the Guidelines, which form the basis of the Policy with respect to APAC public equity investments of operating and/or holding companies. Applying these guidelines is subject to certain regional and country-specific exceptions and modifications and is not inclusive of all considerations in each market. For Japan-specific policies, see the Japan Proxy Items section.
Financial Results/Director and Auditor Reports
Generally vote FOR approval of financial statements and director and auditor
reports, unless:
• There are serious concerns about the accounts presented, audit procedures used or
audit opinion rendered; or
• The company is not responsive to shareholder
questions about specific items that should be publicly disclosed.
Appointment of Auditors and Auditor Fees
Generally vote FOR the re-election of auditors and proposals authorizing the board to fix auditor fees unless:
• There are serious concerns about the accounts presented, audit procedures used or
audit opinion rendered;
• There is reason to believe
that the auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position;
• Name of the proposed auditor has not been published;
• The auditors are being changed without explanation;
• Non-audit-related fees are substantial, or are in excess of
standard annual audit-related fees, or in excess of permitted local limits and guidelines; or
• The appointment of external auditors if they have previously
served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company.
Generally vote FOR approval of the allocation of income, unless:
• The dividend payout ratio has been consistently low without adequate explanation;
or
• The payout is excessive given the company’s financial position.
Stock (Scrip) Dividend Alternative
Generally vote FOR most stock (scrip) dividend proposals.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals that do not allow for a cash option unless management demonstrates that the cash option is harmful to shareholder value.
Amendments to Articles of Association and Company Bylaws
Vote amendments to the articles of association and Company Bylaws on a CASE-BY-CASE
basis.
Change in Company Fiscal Term
Generally vote FOR resolutions to change
a company’s fiscal term unless a company’s motivation for the change is to postpone its annual general meeting.
Lower Disclosure Threshold for Stock Ownership
Generally vote AGAINST resolutions to lower the stock ownership disclosure
threshold below 5% unless specific reasons exist to implement a lower threshold.
Amend Quorum Requirements
Vote proposals to amend quorum requirements for shareholder meetings on a
CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote FOR proposals allowing for the convening of hybrid* shareholder
meetings if it is clear that it is not the intention to hold virtual-only AGMs. Generally vote AGAINST proposals allowing for the convening of virtual- only* shareholder
meetings.
* The phrase “virtual-only shareholder meeting” refers to a meeting of shareholders that is held exclusively through the use of online technology without a corresponding in-person meeting. The term “hybrid shareholder meeting” refers to an in-person, or physical, meeting in which shareholders are permitted to participate online.
Generally vote AGAINST other business when it appears as a voting item.
Generally vote FOR non-contentious administrative management requests.
The board of directors should promote the interests of shareholders by acting in an oversight and/or advisory role; should consist of a majority of independent directors and/or meet local best practice expectations; should be composed of directors with diverse backgrounds and perspectives; and should be held accountable for actions and results related to their responsibilities. The board of directors should seek to comply with commonly accepted corporate governance best practices as well as the corporate governance standards that are applicable in their country and state of incorporation. The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly disclosed.
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Vote on director nominees should be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis taking into consideration the following:
• Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a timely manner; or
• There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements; or
• There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest; or
• There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests; or
• The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards; or
• There are reservations about:
• Director
terms
• Bundling of proposals to elect directors
• Disclosure of named nominees
• Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as
criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities; or
• There are other considerations
which may include sanction from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues relate to improper business practice, failure to replace
management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards.
Classification of Directors
• Employee or executive of the company; and
• Any director who is classified as a non-executive, but receives
salary, fees, bonus, and/or other benefits that are in line with the highest-paid executives of the company.
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director (NED)
• Any director who is attested by the board to be a non-independent NED;
• Any director specifically designated as a representative of a significant shareholder of the company;
• Any director who is also an employee or executive of a significant shareholder of
the company;
• Beneficial owner (direct or indirect) of at least 10% of the
company’s stock, either in economic terms or in voting rights (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group,
e.g., family members who beneficially own less than 10% individually, but collectively own more than 10%), unless market best practice dictates a lower ownership and/or disclosure threshold (and in other special market-specific circumstances);
• Government representative;
• Currently provides (or a relative provides) professional services
to the company, to an affiliate of the company, or to an individual officer of the company or of one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year;
• Represents customer, supplier, creditor, banker, or other entity
with which company maintains transactional/commercial relationship (unless company discloses information to apply a materiality test);
• Any director who has conflicting or cross-directorships with executive directors or
the chairman of the company;
• Relative of a current employee of the company or
its affiliates;
• Relative of a former executive of the company or its affiliates;
• A new appointee elected other than by a formal process through
the General Meeting (such as a contractual appointment by a substantial shareholder);
• Founder/co-founder/member of founding family but not currently an employee;
• Former executive (a cooling off period may be applied);
• In markets where local regulations or standards require a maximum tenure, directors with excess tenure will be considered non-independent, except in certain cases where the company discloses a clear justification; and
• Any additional relationship or principle considered to compromise
independence under local corporate governance best practice guidance.
• No material connection, either directly or indirectly, to the company other than a
board seat.
• Represents employees or employee shareholders of the company (classified as “employee representative” but considered a non-independent NED).
Generally vote AGAINST individual directors who attend less than 75% of the board and committee meetings without a disclosed valid excuse.
Generally, vote FOR the bundled election of management nominees, unless adequate
disclosures of the nominees have not been provided in a timely manner or if one or more of the nominees does not meet the expectation of our policy.
Other items considered for an AGAINST vote include specific concerns about the individual or the company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities, sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, the presence of inappropriate related party transactions, or other issues related to improper business practices
Generally vote FOR the discharge of directors, including members of the
management board and/or supervisory board, unless there is reliable information about significant and compelling controversies that the board is not fulfilling its
fiduciary duties warranted by:
• A lack of oversight or actions
by board members which invoke shareholder distrust related to malfeasance or poor supervision, such as operating in private or company interest rather than in shareholder
interest; or
• Any legal issues (e.g., civil/criminal) aiming to hold the board
responsible for breach of trust in the past or related to currently alleged actions yet to be confirmed (and not only the fiscal year in question), such as price fixing,
insider trading, bribery, fraud, and other illegal actions; or
• Other egregious governance issues where shareholders may bring legal action against the company or its directors; or
• Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis where a vote against other agenda items are deemed
inappropriate.
Committee Responsibilities and Expectations
The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but
not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly
disclosed.
We generally support incumbent directors, taking into consideration the below factors.
• Material failures of
governance, stewardship, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company, including but not limited to violations of global norms principles and/or other significant global
standards;
• Failure to disclose material information;
• Egregious actions related to the director(s)’ service on
other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company;
• The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received approval of the majority of shares cast the previous year (a management proposal with other than a FOR recommendation by management will not be considered as sufficient action taken); an adopted proposal that is substantially similar to the original shareholder proposal will be deemed sufficient; (vote against members of the committee of the board that is responsible for the issue under consideration). If we did not support the shareholder proposal, we may still vote against the committee member(s).
• The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of the shareholders
tendered their shares; or
• If in an extreme situation the
board lacks accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Audit Committee if poor accounting practices,
which rise to a level of serious concern are identified, such as, but not limited to, fraud, misapplication of GAAP, excessive non-audit fees, excessive pledging or
hedging of stock by executives, and material weaknesses identified in aduti-related disclosures.
Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether negative vote recommendations are warranted against the members of the Audit Committee who are responsible for the poor accounting practices, or the entire board.
Generally vote AGAINST Audit Committee members who are classified as
promoters or beneficial owners in the company (India).
Remuneration Committee (Australia)
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Remuneration Committee,
factors considered may include whether:
• We voted against the
company’s Remuneration Report in the previous year, the company’s previous Remuneration Report received significant opposition of votes cast and we are voting
against this year’s Remuneration Report; or
• The remuneration structure is widely
inconsistent with local market best practices or regulations.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Nominating/Governance Committee
considering if:
• A company does not meet the board diversity requirements of local
listing rules, corporate governance codes, national targets, or the board diversity is significantly below that of the average in its market; provided that company
performance, or other factors, will generally be taken into consideration;
or
• The level of board independence does not meet the requirements of
local regulations, listing rules, corporate governance codes, or local market best practices.
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in contested elections of directors, e.g.,
the election of shareholder nominees or the dismissal of incumbent directors, determining which directors are best suited to add value for shareholders.
The analysis will generally be based on, but not limited to, the following major decision factors:
• Company performance relative to its peers;
• Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents;
• Independence of board candidates;
• Experience and skills of board candidates;
• Governance
profile of the company;
• Evidence of management entrenchment;
• Responsiveness to shareholders;
• Whether a takeover offer has been rebuffed; and
• Whether minority or majority representation is being sought.
Other Board Related Proposals (Management and Shareholder)
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals
introducing classified boards.
Generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals regarding mandatory retirement ages for directors.
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals to alter board structure or size in the context of a fight for control of the company or the board.
Independent Board Chair (applicable markets)
We will generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
• Two-thirds independent board, or majority in countries where employee representation is common practice;
• A designated, or a rotating, lead director, elected by and from
the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties;
• Fully independent key committees; and/or
• Established, publicly disclosed, governance guidelines and director
biographies/profiles.
Good pay practices should align management’s interests with long-term shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of remuneration criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Remuneration practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
If the company maintains problematic or poor pay practices, generally
vote:
• AGAINST Remuneration Reports; or
• AGAINST an equity-based incentive plan proposal if excessive
non-performance-based equity awards are the major contributor to a pay-for-performance misalignment.
Remuneration Reports (Australia)
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals for a vote on remuneration reports,
considering the following factors in the context of each company’s specific circumstances and the board’s disclosed rationale for its practices.
When a disconnect between pay and
performance exists, pay practices that may result in a vote AGAINST management proposals the company’s remuneration report may include:
• Lack of transparent disclosure of compensation philosophy and
goals and targets, including details on short-term and long-term performance incentives;
• Long term incentive awards consisting of less than 50% performance-based
awards;
• Lack of the board’s response to failed MSOP vote the previous year;
• Abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper
disclosure;
• Egregious employment or retention contracts;
• Excessive perquisites or excessive severance and/or change in control provisions;
and
• Extraordinary relocation benefits.
Equity-based / Stock Option Compensation Plans
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on equity compensation plans, considering factors such
as:
• Level of potential dilution (generally within 5% for mature
companies and 10% for growth companies, or within local market best practices);
• Length of vesting period;
• Appropriate performance hurdles;
• Adequate disclosure of the remuneration plan;
• Governance and administration of the remuneration plan; and
• Any other concerns which may negatively impact shareholder value or alignment of
incentives.
Non-Executive Director Compensation
Generally vote FOR proposals to award cash fees to non-executive directors unless
the amounts are excessive relative to other companies in the country or industry.
Vote non-executive director compensation proposals that include both cash and share-based components on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote proposals that bundle compensation for both non-executive and executive directors into a single resolution on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to introduce retirement benefits for
non-executive directors.
Director, Officer, and Auditor Indemnification and Liability
Provisions
Vote proposals seeking indemnification and liability protection for directors and officers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to indemnify auditors.
Other Remuneration Related Proposals
Vote on other remuneration related proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
4. Shareholder
Rights and Defenses
Generally vote AGAINST all antitakeover proposals, unless they are structured in
such a way that they give shareholders the ultimate decision on any proposal or offer.
5. Strategic Transactions, Capital Structures and other Business Considerations
Reorganizations/Restructurings
Vote reorganizations and restructurings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following
based on publicly available information:
• Management’s track record of successful integration of historical
acquisitions;
• Presence of conflicts of interest; and
• Governance profile of the combined company.
Generally vote FOR resolutions that seek to maintain or convert to a one-share,
one-vote capital structure.
Generally vote AGAINST requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures or the creation of new or additional super voting shares.
General Issuances:
Generally vote FOR issuance requests with preemptive rights to
a maximum of 100% over currently issued capital or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law (50% in Singapore).
Generally vote FOR issuance requests without preemptive rights to a maximum of 20% of currently issued capital or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law (15% in Australia, 10% in Hong Kong and Singapore Mainboard).
Generally vote FOR issuance requests without preemptive rights to a maximum of 25% of currently issued capital (India).
Specific Issuances:
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis on all requests, with or without
preemptive rights.
Increases in Authorized Capital
Generally vote FOR non-specific
proposals to increase authorized capital up to 100% over the current authorization unless the increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its new authorization
outstanding, or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law.
Generally vote FOR specific proposals to increase authorized capital to any amount, unless:
• The specific purpose of the increase (such as a share-based
acquisition or merger) does not meet guidelines for the purpose being proposed; or
• The increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its
new authorization outstanding after adjusting for all proposed issuances, or any stricter limit set in local best practice recommendations or law
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to adopt unlimited capital authorizations.
Generally vote FOR proposals to reduce capital for routine accounting purposes unless the terms are unfavorable to shareholders.
Vote proposals to reduce capital in connection with corporate restructuring on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
• Generally vote FOR the creation of a new class of preferred stock or for issuances of preferred stock up to 50% of issued capital unless the terms of the preferred stock would adversely affect the rights of existing shareholders.
• Generally vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible preferred
stock as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
• Generally vote AGAINST the creation of a new class of preference
shares that would carry superior voting rights to the common shares.
• Generally vote AGAINST the
creation of blank check preferred stock unless the board clearly states that the authorization will not be used to thwart a takeover bid.
• Vote non-convertible debt issuance requests on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, with or without preemptive rights.
• Generally vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible debt
instruments as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
• Generally vote FOR proposals to restructure existing debt
arrangements unless the terms of the restructuring would adversely affect the rights of shareholders.
Increase in Borrowing Powers
• Vote proposals to approve increases in a company's borrowing powers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
We will generally vote FOR share repurchase programs taking into account
whether:
• The share repurchase program can be used as a takeover defense;
• There is clear evidence of historical abuse;
• There is no safeguard in the share repurchase program against selective buybacks;
and
• Pricing provisions and safeguards in the share repurchase program are deemed to be unreasonable in light of market practice.
Reissuance of Repurchased Shares
Generally vote FOR requests to reissue any repurchased shares unless there is clear evidence of abuse of this authority in the past.
Capitalization of Reserves for Bonus Issues/Increase in Par Value
Generally vote FOR requests to capitalize reserves for bonus
issues of shares or to increase par value.
Related-Party Transactions
Vote related-party transactions on a CASE-BY-CASE basis,
considering factors including, but not limited to, the following:
• The parties on either side of the transaction;
• The nature of the asset to be transferred/service to be provided;
• The pricing of the transaction (and any associated professional valuation);
• The views of independent directors (where provided);
• The views of an independent financial adviser (where appointed);
• Whether any entities party to the transaction (including advisers) is conflicted; and
• The stated rationale for the transaction, including discussions of timing
6. Other Management and Shareholder
Proposals
Management and shareholder proposals considered under this category could
include, among others, requests that a company:
• Publish a report or additional information
related to the company’s business and impact on stakeholders;
• Disclose policies related to specific business practices and/or services;
• Conduct third party audits, reports or studies related to the company’s business practices, services and/or impact on stakeholders
When evaluating management and shareholder proposals, the following factors are
generally considered:
• Whether the subject of the proposal is
considered to be material to the company’s business;
• The company’s current level of publicly available disclosure, including if the company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies;
• If the company has implemented or formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on a recognized industry group standards or recommendations, such as the International Sustainability Standards Board’s Sustainability Accounting Standards, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s (SASB) standards, the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure’s
(TCFD) recommendations, or a similar standard;
• Whether the information requested concerns business issues that relate to a meaningful percentage of the
company’s business;
• The degree to which the company’s stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing;
• Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in the proposal;
• What other companies in the relevant industry have done in response to the issue
addressed in the proposal;
• Whether the proposal itself is well framed and
the cost of preparing the report and/or the implementation is reasonable;
• Whether the subject of the proposal is best left to the discretion of the board;
• Whether the proposal is legally binding for the board;
• Whether the company has material fines or violations in the area and if so, if appropriate actions have already been taken to remedy going forward; and
• Whether providing this information would reveal proprietary or confidential information that would place the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Region: Japan Proxy Items
The following section is a broad summary of the Guidelines, which form the basis of the Policy with respect to Japanese public equity investments of operating and/or holding companies. Applying these guidelines is not inclusive of all considerations in the Japanese market.
Financial Results/Director and Auditor Reports
Generally vote FOR approval of financial statements and director and auditor
reports, unless:
• There are concerns about the accounts presented or audit procedures used; or
• The company is not responsive to shareholder questions about specific items that
should be publicly disclosed.
Appointment of Auditors and Auditor Fees
Generally vote FOR the re-election of auditors and proposals authorizing the
board to fix auditor fees, unless:
• There are serious concerns about the accounts
presented, audit procedures used or audit opinion rendered;
• There is reason to believe that the auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position;
• Name of the proposed auditor has not been published;
• The auditors are being changed without explanation;
• Non-audit-related fees are substantial or are in excess of standard annual audit-related fees; or
• The appointment of external auditors if they have previously
served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company.
Generally vote FOR approval of the allocation of income, unless:
• The dividend payout ratio has been consistently low without adequate explanation;
or
• The payout is excessive given the company’s financial position;
Amendments to Articles
of Association
Vote amendments to the articles of association on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Change in Company Fiscal Term
Generally vote FOR resolutions to change a company’s fiscal term unless a company’s motivation for the change is to postpone its annual general meeting.
Amend Quorum Requirements
Vote proposals to amend quorum requirements for shareholder meetings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST management proposals allowing for the convening of
virtual-only* shareholder meetings.
* The phrase “virtual-only shareholder meeting” refers to a meeting of shareholders that is held exclusively through the use of online technology without a corresponding in-person meeting. The term “hybrid shareholder meeting” refers to an in-person, or physical, meeting in which shareholders are permitted to participate online.
2. Board of Directors and Statutory Auditors
The board of directors should promote the interests of shareholders by acting in an oversight and/or advisory role; should consist of a majority of independent directors and/or meet local best practice expectations; should be composed of directors with diverse backgrounds and perspectives; and should be held accountable for actions and results related to their responsibilities. The board of directors should seek to comply with commonly accepted corporate governance best practices as well as the corporate governance standards that are applicable in this market. The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly disclosed.
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Vote on director nominees should be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis taking into consideration the following:.
• The company’s committee structure: statutory auditor board
structure, U.S.-type three committee structure, or audit committee structure; or
• Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a timely manner; or
• There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements; or
• There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest; or
• There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests; or
• The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards; or
• There are reservations about:
• Bundling of proposals to elect directors
• Disclosure of named nominees
• Director
independence
• Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as
criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities; or
• There are other considerations
which may include sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues related to improper business practice, failure to replace
management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards.
Generally vote AGAINST top executives when the company has
an excessive amount of strategic shareholdings.
Generally vote AGAINST top executives when the company has posted average return on equity (ROE) of less than five percent over the last five fiscal years.
Classification of Directors
• Employee or executive of the company; and
• Any director who is not classified as an outside director of the company.
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director (affiliated outsider)
• Any director specifically designated as a representative of a significant shareholder of the company;
• Any director who is/was also an employee or executive of a significant shareholder
of the company;
• Beneficial owner (direct or indirect) of at least 10% of the
company’s stock, or one of the top 10 shareholders, either in economic terms or in voting rights (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more
than one member of a defined group, e.g., family members who beneficially own less than 10% individually, but collectively own more than 10%)
• Individuals who are employees or were previously employed at main lenders/banks of the company;
• Relative of a current employee of the company or its affiliates;
• Any director who works or has worked at a company whose shares
are held by the company in question as strategic shareholdings (i.e. “cross-shareholdings”)
• Any director who has served at a company as an outside director for 12 years or
more;
• Any additional relationship or principle considered to compromise
independence
Independent Non-Executive Directors (independent outsider)
• No material connection, either directly or indirectly, to the company other than a board seat.
At companies adopting a board with a statutory auditor committee structure or an audit committee structure, generally vote AGAINST top executives when the board consists of fewer than two independent outside directors or less than 1/3 of the board consists of independent outside directors. Additionally, if the company is a member of the TOPIX 100 index, generally vote AGAINST top executives when less than 1/2 of the board consists of outside directors.
At companies adopting an audit committee structure,
generally vote AGAINST affiliated outside directors who are audit committee members.
At companies adopting a U.S.-type three
committee structure, generally vote AGAINST members of the Nominating Committee when less than a majority of the board consists of independent outside directors.
At controlled companies adopting board with a statutory auditor structure or an audit committee structure, generally vote AGAINST top executives if the board does not consist of majority independent outside directors.
Generally vote AGAINST individual outside directors who attend less than 75% of the board and/or committee meetings without a disclosed valid excuse.
Other items considered for an AGAINST vote include specific concerns about the
individual or the company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities, sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and
regulations, the presence of inappropriate related party transactions, or other issues related to improper business practices
Committee Responsibilities and Expectations
The board of directors should establish committees to oversee areas such as, but
not limited to, audit, executive and non-executive compensation, and director nominations and appointments. The responsibilities of the committees should be publicly
disclosed.
We generally support incumbent directors, taking into consideration the below factors.
• Material failures of
governance, stewardship, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company, including but not limited to violations of global norms principles and/or other significant global
standards;
• Failure to disclose material information;
• Egregious actions related to the director(s)’ service on
other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company;
• The board adopts or renews a poison pill without shareholder
approval, does not commit to putting it to shareholder vote within 12 months of adoption (or in the case of a newly public company, does not commit to put the pill to a
shareholder vote within 12 months following the IPO), or reneges on a commitment to put the pill to a vote, and has not yet received a withhold/against recommendation for this issue;
• The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of the shareholders tendered their shares; or
• If in an extreme situation the board lacks accountability and
oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers.
Generally vote AGAINST members of the Nominating Committee
or top executives if the board diversity is significantly below that of the average in its market; provided that company performance, or other factors, will generally be
taken into consideration.
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in contested elections of directors, e.g.,
the election of shareholder nominees or the dismissal of incumbent directors, determining which directors are best suited to add value for shareholders.
The analysis will generally be based on, but not limited to, the following major decision factors:
• Company performance relative to its peers;
• Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents;
• Independence of board candidates;
• Experience and skills of board candidates;
• Governance
profile of the company;
• Evidence of management entrenchment;
• Responsiveness to shareholders;
• Whether a takeover offer has been rebuffed;
• Whether minority or majority representation is being sought.
Other Board Related Proposals (Management and Shareholder)
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals
introducing classified boards.
Generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals regarding mandatory retirement ages for directors.
Generally vote AGAINST management and shareholder proposals to alter board structure or size in the context of a fight for control of the company or the board.
Independent Board Chair (applicable markets)
We will generally vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
• Two-thirds independent board;
• A designated, or a rotating, lead director, elected by and from the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties;
• Fully independent key committees; and/or
• Established, publicly disclosed, governance guidelines and director
biographies/profiles.
Statutory Auditor Elections
Generally vote AGAINST affiliated outside statutory auditors.
For definition of affiliated outsiders, see “Classification of Directors”
Generally vote FOR management nominees taking into
consideration the following:
• Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a
timely manner;
• There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements;
• There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest;
• There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests;
• The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards;
• Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as
criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities;
• Outside statutory auditor’s attendance at less than 75% of the board and statutory auditor meetings without a disclosed valid excuse; or
• Unless there are other considerations which may include sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues related to improper business practice, failure to replace management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards.
3. Compensation
Generally vote FOR proposals to award cash fees to non-executive directors unless
the amounts are excessive relative to other companies in the country or industry.
Vote non-executive director compensation proposals that include both cash and share-based components on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote proposals that bundle compensation for both non-executive and executive directors into a single resolution on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to introduce retirement bonuses for outside
directors and/or outside statutory auditors, unless the amounts are disclosed and are not excessive relative to other companies in the country or industry.
Director, Officer, and Auditor Indemnification and Liability
Provisions
Vote proposals seeking indemnification and liability protection for directors and statutory auditors on a CASE-BY- CASE basis.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to indemnify auditors.
4. Shareholder Rights and Defenses
Generally vote AGAINST all antitakeover proposals, unless certain conditions are
met to ensure the proposal is intended to enhance shareholder value, including consideration of the company’s governance structure, the anti- takeover defense
duration, the trigger mechanism and governance, and the intended purpose of the antitakeover defense.
5. Strategic Transactions and Capital
Structures
Reorganizations/Restructurings
Vote reorganizations and restructurings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions, and third-party share issuance
requests, taking into account the following based on publicly available information:
• Management’s track record of successful integration of historical
acquisitions;
• Presence of conflicts of interest; and
• Governance profile of the combined company.
Generally vote FOR resolutions that seek
to maintain or convert to a one-share, one-vote capital structure.
Generally vote AGAINST requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures or the creation of new or additional super voting shares.
Increases in Authorized Capital
Generally vote FOR non-specific proposals to increase authorized capital up to 100% over the current authorization unless the increase would leave the company with less than 30% of its new authorization outstanding. The increase should also not be intended as a takeover defense.
Generally vote FOR specific proposals to increase authorized capital to any
amount, unless:
• The specific purpose of the increase (such as a share-based
acquisition or merger) does not meet guidelines for the purpose being proposed.
Generally vote AGAINST proposals to adopt unlimited capital authorizations.
Generally vote FOR proposals to reduce capital for routine accounting purposes unless the terms are unfavorable to shareholders.
Vote proposals to reduce capital in connection with corporate restructuring on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on any requests to issue or modify preferred shares or other
share classes
We will generally vote FOR share repurchase programs taking into account
whether:
• The share repurchase program can be used as a takeover defense;
• There is clear evidence of historical abuse;
• There is no safeguard in the share repurchase program against selective
buybacks;
• Pricing provisions and safeguards in the share repurchase program
are deemed to be unreasonable in light of market practice.
6. Other Management and Shareholder
Proposals
Management and shareholder proposals considered under this category could
include, among others, requests that a company:
• Publish a report or additional information
related to the company’s business and impact on stakeholders;
• Disclose policies related to specific business practices and/or services;
• Conduct third party audits, reports or studies related to the company’s business practices, services and/or impact on stakeholders
When evaluating management and shareholder proposals, the following factors are
generally considered:
• Whether the
subject of the proposal is considered to be material to the company’s business;
• The company’s current level of publicly available disclosure, including if the company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies;
• Ift the company has implemented or formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on a recognized industry group standards or recommendations, such as the International Sustainability Standards Board’s Sustainability Accounting Standards, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s (SASB) standards, the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure’s
(TCFD) recommendations, or a similar standard;
• Whether the information requested concerns business issues that relate to a meaningful percentage of the
company’s business;
• The degree to which the company’s stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing;
• Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in the proposal;
• What other companies in the relevant industry have done in response to the issue
addressed in the proposal;
• Whether the proposal itself is well framed and
the cost of preparing the report and/or the implementation is reasonable;
• Whether the subject of the proposal is best left to the discretion of the board;
• Whether the proposal is legally binding for the board;
• Whether the company has material fines or violations in the area and if so, if appropriate actions have already been taken to remedy going forward; and
• Whether providing this information would reveal proprietary or confidential information that would place the company at a competitive disadvantage.
PART C: OTHER INFORMATION
Item 28. Exhibits
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| (a) |
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(1) |
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Certificate of Trust of the Registrant dated December 16, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No.
1 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed May 4, 2015) |
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(2) |
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Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust dated September 20, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 466 to the Trust’s
registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed September 30, 2022) |
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(3) |
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Form of Amended Schedule A dated July 17, 2025, to the Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust dated September 20, 2022 (incorporated by reference
from Post-Effective Amendment No. 699 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed October 3, 2025) |
|
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| (b) |
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Amended and Restated By-laws dated July 22, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No.
369 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed July 26, 2021) |
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| (c) |
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Not applicable. |
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| (d) |
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(1) |
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Management Agreement between Registrant and Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (with respect to ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF) (incorporated by reference from Pre- Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed September
11, 2015) |
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(2) |
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Form of Management Agreement between Registrant and Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (with respect to ActiveBeta® Europe Equity ETF, ActiveBeta® International Equity ETF, ActiveBeta® Japan Equity ETF,
ActiveBeta® U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF and ActiveBeta® U.S. Small Cap Equity ETF) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective
Amendment No. 10 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed May 25, 2016) |
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(3) |
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Form of Amended Annex A to the Management Agreement between Registrant and Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (with respect to all series of
Registrant except ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 699 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No.
333-200933, filed October 3, 2025) |
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| (e) |
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(1) |
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Distribution Agreement dated March 26, 2015 between Registrant and ALPS Distributors, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment
No. 2 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed August 7, 2015) |
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(2) |
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Distribution Agreement dated April 16, 2018 between Registrant and ALPS Distributors, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment
No. 126 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed August 27, 2018) |
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(3) |
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Form of Amendment to Distribution Agreement between Registrant and ALPS Distributors, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment
No. 126 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed August 27, 2018) |
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| (f) |
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Not applicable. |
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| (g) |
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(1) |
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Custody Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 279 to Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No.
33-17619, filed April 28, 2011) |
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(2) |
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Letter Amendment to the Custodian Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No.
333-200933, filed August 7, 2015) |
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(3) |
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Letter Amendment dated October 20, 2015 to the Custodian Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No.
518 to Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed January 15, 2016) |
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(4) |
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Amendment dated January 6, 2016 to the Custodian Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 523 to Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed January 29, 2016) |
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(5) |
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Amendment dated March 1, 2016 to the Custodian Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (Goldman Sachs Financial Square Tax-Exempt Money Market Fund and Goldman Sachs Investor Tax-Exempt Money Market Fund) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 559 to Goldman Sachs
Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed May 20, 2016) |
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(6) |
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Amendment dated June 13, 2016 to the Custodian Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (Goldman Sachs Hedge Industry VIP ETF) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 93 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December
22, 2017) |
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(7) |
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Amendment dated August 29, 2016 to the Custodian Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (Goldman Sachs Treasury Access 0-1 Year ETF) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 93 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed
December 22, 2017) |
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(8) |
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Amendment dated April 5, 2017 to the Custodian Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (Goldman Sachs Access Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond ETF, Goldman Sachs Access High Yield Corporate Bond ETF and Goldman Sachs Access Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF) (incorporated by
reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 93 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 22, 2017) |
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(9) |
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Amendment dated May 10, 2017 to the Custodian Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (Goldman Sachs Equal Weight U.S. Large Cap Equity ETF) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 93 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933,
filed December 22, 2017) |
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(10) |
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Amendment dated December 10, 2018 to the Custody Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable
Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 202 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed May 10, 2019) |
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(11) |
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Amendment dated July 12, 2019 to the Custody Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance
Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (certain equity funds) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 778 to the Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed December 20, 2019) |
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(12) |
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Amendment dated December 13, 2019 to the Custody Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 281 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933,
filed July 6, 2020) |
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(13) |
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Letter Amendment dated March 10, 2022 to the Custody Agreement between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust,
Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund, Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC, and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 498 to the Trust’s registration statement,
SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2022) |
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(14) |
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Amendment dated October 12, 2023 to the Custody Agreement between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust,
Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund, Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC, and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 618 to the Trust’s registration statement,
SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2023) |
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(15) |
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Amendment dated June 9, 2025 to the Custody Agreement between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman
Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund, Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC, and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 692 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File
No. 333-200933, filed June 20, 2025) |
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| (h) |
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(1) |
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Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment
No. 3 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed September 11, 2015) |
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(2) |
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Amendment dated December 10, 2018 to the Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated
by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 202 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed May 10, 2019) |
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(3) |
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Amendment dated December 13, 2019 to the Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated
by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 281 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed July 6, 2020) |
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(4) |
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Form of Authorized Participant Agreement (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Trust’s registration statement,
SEC File No. 333-200933, filed August 7, 2015) |
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(5) |
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Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No.
279 to the Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed April 28, 2011) |
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(6) |
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Letter Amendment to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No.
333-200933, filed August 7, 2015) |
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(7) |
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License Agreement between the Trust and Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to
the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed September 11, 2015) |
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(8) |
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Letter Amendment dated October 20, 2015 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April
5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No.
333-200933, filed February 8, 2016) |
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(9) |
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Amendment dated January 6, 2016 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust,
Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 523 to Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed January 29, 2016) |
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(10) |
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Amendment dated March 1, 2016 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust,
Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (Goldman Sachs Financial Square Tax-Exempt Money Market Fund and Goldman Sachs Investor Tax-Exempt Money Market Fund) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment
No. 559 to Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed May 20, 2016) |
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(11) |
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Amendment dated December 10, 2018 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs
Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 202 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed May 10, 2019) |
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(12) |
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Amendment dated July 12, 2019 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman Sachs
Variable Insurance Trust, Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon (certain equity funds) (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 778 to the Goldman Sachs Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 33-17619, filed
December 20, 2019) |
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(13) |
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Amendment dated December 13, 2019 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 28, 2016 between Goldman Sachs Trust, Goldman
Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 281 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed July 6, 2020) |
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(14) |
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Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. relating to Goldman Sachs ActiveBeta® Emerging Markets Equity ETF (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 72 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed July 6, 2017) |
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(15) |
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Letter Amendment dated March 10, 2022 to the Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II and The Bank
of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 498 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2022) |
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(16) |
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Letter Amendment dated March 17, 2022 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs
Trust II, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund and Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment
No. 498 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2022) |
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(17) |
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Form of Fund of Funds Investment Agreement (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 498 to the Trust’s registration
statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2022) |
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(18) |
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Amendment dated October 12, 2023 to the Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II and The Bank of
New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 618 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2023) |
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(19) |
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Amendment dated October 12, 2023 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs
Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund and Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No.
618 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 27, 2023) |
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(20) |
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Amendment dated May 31, 2024 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust,
Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund and Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 672 to
the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 26, 2024) |
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(21) |
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Amendment dated June 9, 2025 to the Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II and The Bank of New
York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 692 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed June 20, 2025) |
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(22) |
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Amendment dated June 9, 2025 to the Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement dated April 5, 2011 between Registrant, Goldman Sachs Trust,
Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Diversified Income Fund and Cayman Commodity-MFS, LLC and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 692 to
the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed June 20, 2025) |
|
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| (i) |
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Opinion and Consent of Dechert LLP (to be filed by amendment) |
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| (j) |
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Not applicable. |
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| (k) |
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Not applicable. |
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| (l) |
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Subscription Letter related to Initial Capital provided by The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective
Amendment No. 2 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed August 7, 2015) |
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| (m) |
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Distribution and Service Plan (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Trust’s registration statement,
SEC File No. 333-200933, filed September 11, 2015) |
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| (n) |
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Not applicable. |
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| (p) |
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(1) |
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Code of Ethics – Goldman Sachs ETF Trust (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No.
310 to the Trust’s registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed December 28, 2020) |
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(2) |
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Code of Ethics – Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference from Post- Effective Amendment No. 533 to the Trust’s
registration statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed April 28, 2023) |
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(3) |
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Code of Ethics – ALPS Distributors, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Trust’s registration
statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed September 11, 2015) |
|
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| (q) |
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Powers of Attorney for James A. McNamara, Joseph F. DiMaria, Gregory G. Weaver, Cheryl K. Beebe, Dwight L. Bush, Kathryn A. Cassidy,
John G. Chou, Joaquin Delgado, Eileen H. Dowling, Lawrence Hughes, John F. Killian, Steven D. Krichmar, Michael Latham and Lawrence W. Stranghoener (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 692 to the Trust’s registration
statement, SEC File No. 333-200933, filed June 20, 2025) |
Item 29. Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with the Fund
Not applicable.
Item 30.
Indemnification
Article VII, Section 7.5 of the Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of the Registrant, a Delaware statutory
trust, provides for indemnification of the Trustees, officers and employees of the Registrant by the Registrant, subject to certain limitations. The Declaration
of Trust is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a).
Section 6 of the Distribution Agreement between the Registrant and
Distributor dated March
26, 2015, provides that the Registrant will indemnify Distributor against certain liabilities, subject to certain conditions. A copy of the Distribution Agreement is incorporated by reference as Exhibit
(e), to the Registrant’s Registration Statement.
Fund and trustees and officers liability policies purchased jointly by the
Registrant and other registered investment companies for which the trustees and officers serve as such insure such persons and their respective trustees, partners, officers and employees, subject to the policies’ coverage limits and exclusions
and varying deductibles, against loss resulting from claims by reason of any act, error, omission, misstatement, misleading statement, neglect or breach of duty.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers or persons
controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the Registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is therefore
unenforceable.
Item 31. Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (“GSAM”) is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and serves as
investment adviser to the Registrant. GSAM is engaged in the investment advisory business. GSAM is part of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., a public company that is a bank holding company,
financial holding company and a world-wide, full-service financial services organization. GSAM Holdings LLC is the general partner and principal owner of GSAM. Information about the officers and
partners of GSAM is included in their Form ADV filed with the Commission (registration number 801-37591) and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 32. Principal Underwriters
(a) ALPS Distributors, Inc. acts as the distributor for the Registrant and the following investment companies: 1290 Funds, 1WS Credit Income
Fund, abrdn ETFs, Accordant ODCE Index Fund, Alpha Alternative Assets Fund, ALPS Series Trust, Alternative Credit Income Fund, Apollo Diversified Credit Fund, Apollo Diversified Real Estate Fund, AQR Funds, Axonic Alternative Income Fund, Axonic
Funds, BBH Trust, Bluerock High Income Institutional Credit Fund, Bluerock Total Income + Real Estate Fund, Bridge Builder Trust, Cambria ETF Trust, Centre Funds, CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund, Columbia ETF Trust, Columbia ETF Trust I, Columbia
ETF Trust II, CRM Mutual Fund Trust, DBX ETF Trust, ETF Series Solutions (Vident Series), Financial Investors Trust, Firsthand Funds, Flat Rock Core Income Fund, Flat Rock Opportunity Fund, FS Credit Income Fund, FS Energy Total Return Fund, FS
Multi-Alternative Income Fund, FS Series Trust, FS MVP Private Markets Fund, Goehring & Rozencwajg Investment Funds, Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II, Graniteshares ETF Trust, Hartford Funds Exchange-Traded Trust, Heartland Group, Inc., IndexIQ
Active ETF Trust, IndexIQ ETF Trust, Investment Managers Series Trust II (AXS-Advised Funds), Janus Detroit Street Trust, Lattice Strategies Trust, Litman Gregory Funds Trust, Manager Directed Portfolios (Spyglass Growth Fund), Meridian Fund, Inc.,
Natixis ETF Trust, Natixis ETF Trust II, Opportunistic Credit Interval Fund, PRIMECAP Odyssey Funds, Principal Exchange-Traded Funds, RiverNorth Funds, RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc., RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc.,
RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II,
Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc., SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Trust, SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust, SPDR S&P MidCap 400 ETF Trust, Sprott Funds Trust, Stone Ridge Trust, Stone Ridge Trust II, Stone Ridge
Trust IV, Stone Ridge Trust V, Stone Ridge Trust VIII, The Arbitrage Funds, Themes ETF Trust, Thrivent ETF Trust, USCF ETF Trust, Valkyrie ETF Trust II, Wasatch Funds, WesMark Funds, Wilmington Funds, X-Square Balanced Fund and X-Square Series
Trust.
(b) To the best of Registrant’s knowledge, the directors and executive officers of ALPS Distributors, Inc., are as follows:
|
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| Name* |
|
Position with Underwriter |
|
Positions with Fund |
| Stephen J. Kyllo |
|
President, Chief Operating Officer, Director, Chief Compliance Officer |
|
None |
| Brian Schell ** |
|
Vice President and Treasurer |
|
None |
| Eric Parsons |
|
Vice President, Controller and Assistant Treasurer |
|
None |
| Jason White*** |
|
Secretary |
|
None |
| Richard C. Noyes |
|
Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Assistant Secretary |
|
None |
| Eric Theroff^ |
|
Assistant Secretary |
|
None |
| Adam Girard^^ |
|
Tax Officer |
|
None |
| Liza Price |
|
Vice President, Managing Counsel |
|
None |
|
|
|
|
|
| Jed Stahl |
|
Vice President, Managing Counsel |
|
None |
| Terence Digan |
|
Vice President |
|
None |
| James Stegall |
|
Vice President |
|
None |
| * |
Except as otherwise noted, the principal business address for each of the above directors and executive
officers is 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203. |
| ** |
The principal business address for Mr. Schell is 100 South Wacker Drive, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606.
|
| *** |
The principal business address for Mr. White is 4 Times Square, New York, NY 10036. |
| ^ |
The principal business address for Mr. Theroff is 1055 Broadway Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64105.
|
| ^^ |
The principal business address for Mr. Girard is 80 Lamberton Road, Windsor, CT 06095.
|
Item 33. Location of Accounts and Records
The Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust, Amended and Restated By-laws and minute books of the Registrant and certain investment adviser
records will be in the physical possession of GSAM, 200 West Street, New York, New York 10282. All other accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained under Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the rules
promulgated thereunder will be in the physical possession of The Bank of New York Mellon, 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286.
Item 34. Management Services
Not
applicable.
Item 35. Undertakings
Not applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant certifies
that it has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 702 to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City and State of New York on the 27th day of October, 2025.
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| GOLDMAN SACHS ETF TRUST |
| (A Delaware statutory trust) |
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| By: |
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/s/ Robert Griffith |
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|
Robert Griffith |
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|
Secretary |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Post-Effective Amendment to said
Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated.
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| Name |
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Title |
|
Date |
| 1James A. McNamara |
|
President, Principal Executive Officer and Trustee |
|
October 27, 2025 |
| James A. McNamara |
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| 1Joseph F. DiMaria |
|
Treasurer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer |
|
October 27, 2025 |
| Joseph F. DiMaria |
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| 1Gregory G. Weaver |
|
Chair and Trustee |
|
October 27, 2025 |
| Gregory G. Weaver |
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| 1Cheryl K. Beebe |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Cheryl K. Beebe |
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| 1Dwight L. Bush |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Dwight L. Bush |
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| 1Kathryn A. Cassidy |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Kathryn A. Cassidy |
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| 1John G. Chou |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| John G. Chou |
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| 1Joaquin Delgado |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Joaquin Delgado |
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| 1Eileen H. Dowling |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Eileen H. Dowling |
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| 1Lawrence Hughes |
|
Trustee |
|
October 27, 2025 |
| Lawrence Hughes |
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| 1John F. Killian |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| John F. Killian |
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| 1Steven D. Krichmar |
|
Trustee |
|
October 27, 2025 |
| Steven D. Krichmar |
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| 1Michael Latham |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Michael Latham |
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| 1Lawrence W. Stranghoener |
|
Trustee |
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October 27, 2025 |
| Lawrence W. Stranghoener |
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| By: |
|
/s/ Robert Griffith |
| Robert Griffith, |
| Attorney-In-Fact |
| 1 |
Pursuant to powers of attorney previously filed. |
CERTIFICATE
The undersigned Secretary for Goldman Sachs ETF Trust (the “Trust”) hereby certifies that the Board of Trustees of the Trust duly adopted the
following resolution at a meeting of the Board held on June 18, 2025.
RESOLVED, that the Trustees and Officers of the Trusts who may be
required to sign the Trusts’ Registration Statements or any amendments thereto be, and each hereby is, authorized to execute a power of attorney appointing James A. McNamara, Caroline L. Kraus, Joseph F. DiMaria and Robert Griffith jointly and
severally, their attorneys-in-fact, until the earlier of his or her resignation or removal as an officer of the Trusts, each with power of substitution, for said Trustees and Officers in any and all capacities to sign the Registration Statements
under the Securities Act and the 1940 Act of the Trusts and any and all amendments to such Registration Statements, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto, if any, and other documents in connection therewith, with the SEC and with other
federal, state, foreign and quasi-governmental agencies and such other instruments related to compliance with certain of the federal securities laws and other applicable federal, state, foreign and quasi-government filings, the Trustees and Officers
hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
Dated: October 27, 2025
|
| /s/ Robert Griffith |
| Robert Griffith, |
| Secretary |